European Expansion, Monarchies, and Key Terms

Posted on Jan 7, 2025 in Geography

Europe Dissemination

The reasons for the findings, five types of reasons:

  1. Economic: Castile and Portugal sought gold and silver to finance the monarchy and participate in beneficial commercial species.
  2. Political: To strengthen the prestige of their authoritarian monarchy, some aimed at conquering other territories.
  3. Scientific and Technical: With the help of scientific and technical progress (portulans, compasses, and astrolabes), they were able to perform multiple explorations of the sea.
  4. Religious: Christianity was extended.
  5. Social: To find new territories, increase social enrichment was achieved relatively quickly.

Definitions

  • Estamental Conference: A meeting headed by the king, including the nobility, the church, and representatives of the people.
  • Bureaucracy: The administration of public officials that make up the group.
  • Capitalism: An economic theory and practice focused on private property, economic regulation, and individual initiatives, with the market as the main mechanism.
  • Levels: The rights of the human person must meet within a closed group.
  • Court: Headed by the king, including the nobility and the church, with delegates from the third estate.
  • Portulan: A map indicating the layout of the coast.
  • Morisco: A Muslim who became Christian.
  • Trades: Organizations from the Middle Ages, including employees of the same trade.
  • General Assembly: Meetings of Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa.
  • Regent: Representatives of the monarchy.
  • Compasses: A needle that indicates the north point.
  • Etxetiko Work: Farmers and merchants working in their homes under a system where traders provided tools and raw materials, especially for woven fabrics.

Catholic Monarchs Monarchy

Dynasty Unity: The main Hispanic kingdoms (excluding Portugal) united their dynasties in Castile and Aragon. While united in their laws and institutions, the land was not unified.

Territorial Expansion: The consolidation of the Catholic Monarchs’ power led to territorial expansion. Granada was conquered on January 2, 1492. The Canary Islands: Gran Canaria (1484), La Palma (1493), and Tenerife (1496). Roselló: 1493. Navarre: The Navarro Peninsula, belonging to the Crown of Castile, was incorporated in 1516.

Strengthen the Power of the Kings: The expansion of their power in different areas: society, religion, economy, and administration.

  • Other authorities to take a few century: The defeat of the nobility, and the monarchs and aristocrats gained power. The third estate’s economic power was weakened, and the courts were often not collected.
  • Administrative Policy: Included courts, the Royal Council, the Holy Brotherhood, regents, royal finance, and Armand.
  • Religious Policy: Aimed for political union, including the Inquisition in Castile, the expulsion of Jews, and control of military orders.
  • Economic Policy: Promoted wool export trade in the Netherlands. After the discovery of new worlds, they sought to control trade relations.

Foreign Policy: The efforts were focused on three directions: Africa, America, and Italy.

Mercenary: A professional soldier who fights for money.

Astrolabe: A tool used on ships to determine coordinates by referencing the sun and stars.