European History: The Second International, Anarchism, and Imperialism
The Evolution of the Second International
The Second International, a socialist movement, gained significant momentum in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Its growth was evident in the formation of the Socialist Parliamentary Commission, which aimed to coordinate political and legislative projects across national parliaments. The First International Conference of Women Socialists (1907) highlighted the movement’s presence within the nascent feminist movement. The same year saw the creation of the International Federation of Socialist Youth.
As the Second International gained influence, it faced internal debates. The rise of ministerialism and revisionism, which involved socialists participating in government, sparked controversy. The colonial question was another contentious issue, widely debated at the Congress of Stuttgart (1907). A recurring theme from 1900 onwards was the opposition to the looming threat of European war, which ultimately erupted in 1914 (WWI).
Anarchism
: The anarchist movement remained quite numerous maditerrania the Europe and Russia. But only in Spain maintained the hegemonic nature, thanks to support from the industrial working class of Buenos Aires and agricultural laborers in Andalusia; anarkisme dominant presence in the Spanish moviement worker was consolidated with the formation of the National Confederation Labor in 1910 and through a large number of athenaeums id’entitats. On the one hand, anarcocomunisme ecapçalat by Piotr A. Kropotkin was a supporter and revolutionary collective action was opposed by unions, k considered reformers. Meanwhile, the Italian Enrico Malatesta defended terrorism strategy by individual k was called propaganda by the fact; anarchist sign several terrorist attacks across Europe were produced in essentially the period of 1894-1900. But was the root of Anarcho-syndicalism bakuniniana k It combines an ultimate goal of an anarchist and revolutionary nature of everyday practice association, the current k achieve to a greater presence.
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United Kingdom: From the standpoint of political organization, the British were able to consolidate a model of parliamentary monarchy was based on the peaceful alternation of two parties (Conservative and Liberal) and in the power of the monarch liberador. Consituit Parliament for two Chambers: Commons, elected by vote of a very wide strip of society, and Lordsreservada to reprentants of the nobility and the church. Irish triangle is the main problem of British policy in those years. In 1921 ended the First World War, the British government recognized the formation of the Free State of Ireland Germany: Bismarck, chancellor until 1890, it consolidated the unification strengthened the leadership of Prussia in Germany, and took a policy against Catholic Church, tried the diplomatic isolation of France, the more dangerous potential enemy of Germany, with a system of military alliances and policies that culminated in the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy.
France: One of the most serious crisis of the Third Republic was Dreyfus affair. Dreyfus was an army officer of Jewish origin k was sentenced to life imprisonment on charges of having spied in favor of Germany, but turned out to be k it all a fraud led to a rift, the French people justifying the condemnation and defended his forces Eskerri inociencia was finally acquitted.The greatest achievements were the Third Republic akesta enseñament public primary, compulsory and free by the French, the consolidation of democracy and the separation of church and state.
Austria-Hungary: After the Austro-Prussian war, the Austrian government undertook a major constitutional reform: the dual monarchy, which satisfy the aspirations of the historical Hungarian nationalism
European Imperialism: Europe had experienced a first phase of imperialist expansion in the sixteenth century, which gave rise to occupation of the American Continent and coastal esclavaments of Africa, Asia and Oceania. The American Continent had followed the policy of systematic occupation of territory and Planting Imigrants with Europeans, the first expansion phase characterized by European colonialism. Since 1880, the new industrial powers of Europe began a second phase imperial domain characterized by total continental African, Asian and Oceanic and the direct role of states and armies.
British Empire
Empire around 1880: Britain has a great colonial empire of global reach, was composed of possessions: the domain-safe enclaves in all routes marines.-white colonies of settlement, with features similar to climate .- European trading enclaves in Africa and tropical plantation colonies Carib.-the India, which had been a subcontinente managed since 1777 by East India Company, since 1858 was ruled directly by officials of the British monarchy The Proclamation of Queen Victoria as Empress of India (1876) consolidated the political dependence of the territory directly.
The expansion of the Empire began a phase of expansion TESTS OF ACCELERATED from 1882, with the occupation of Egypt. -domination of much of the African continent in order to plague regional communication between north and south of the Continent, which was ejemplificar the proposed railway line between Cairo and Cape. -domination of the Indian Ocean, crucial in controlling india and Australia.
The organization of the empire;-areas with populations of white British origin became domains.-Colonies where the population was very mainstream, were ruled directly by the metropolitan authorities, the territories were called Protectorate ex. Egypt, Malaysia, parts of india and the Republic of Sierra Leone. The settlers were to specialize in the production of foodstuffs and raw materials necessary for the metropolis, while directing part of theColonial industrial production to the wide market.