European Industrialization: Changes and Consequences
INDUSTRIALIZATION OF EUROPEAN CITIES
The Industrial Revolution is an economic, technological, and social change that progresses slowly and nonviolently.
The Industrial Revolution begins in England and industrialization spreads throughout Europe during the nineteenth century.
Factors for Industrialization
Political
England’s parliamentary system facilitates these changes.
Economic
Entrepreneurship and innovative systems (like Norfolk) drive industrialization, along with technological advancements such as the steam engine.
Social
Society is less revolutionary and more supportive of reforms, accepting changes.
Britain becomes a model for France, the Netherlands, etc.
Changes in the Industrial Revolution
Demographic Revolution
Before the 18th Century
Population growth was slow due to natural causes like poor harvests, epidemics (cholera, typhoid), and wars.
Land distribution was problematic, with farmers paying taxes and lacking land ownership.
From the 18th Century
Rapid population growth occurs, with Europe’s population increasing from 100 million to 300 million.
Causes of Growth:
- Improved continental balance.
- American products acclimatize well to Europe.
- The Norfolk system replaces fallow land with triennial rotation.
- Epidemics decrease due to improved hygiene and the development of vaccines.
Overpopulation leads to migration to cities and colonized countries, facilitated by cheaper transportation.
Preindustrial City | Industrial City |
Small cities with enclosed walls, narrow streets, poor housing, and no sewers. Trade centered around guilds and cathedrals. No social segregation. 20% urban, 80% rural population. | Large cities due to rural migration. Walls are removed, factories appear, and transportation improves. Public buildings emerge. Social segregation occurs, with upper classes in the center or suburbs, and lower classes on the outskirts. |
Agricultural Revolution
Fields become more productive with new techniques: removing fallow land, crop rotation, new crops, machinery, enclosed fields, and chemical fertilizers. Food becomes cheaper and hunger decreases. Rural workers move to urban factories.
Manufacturing Industries
Textile Industry:
Shift from artisanal wool production to cotton, driven by inventions like the loom and ginning machines. Negative aspects include the use of slave, women, and child labor.
Steel Industry:
Coal and iron are used with the Bessemer converter and puddling technique. Child labor is utilized in mines.
Transportation Revolution
Before the nineteenth century, transportation was slow and limited. The steam engine revolutionizes transport with ships and railways.
Advantages of Rail:
- Faster and higher load capacity.
- Safer.
- Develops coal mining and related industries.
- Creates large investment companies.
Steamboats improve river and sea transport. Road transport improves slowly, with cars and planes appearing in the twentieth century.
Changes in Work
Average Age | Eighteenth Century | Nineteenth Century (R. ind.) |
Guild | Manufacturing | Factory |
Workshops | Larger Workshops | Workers |
Artisans (Owners, Officials, Learners) using hand tools. | Division of labor with hand tools. | Division of labor with machines and chain work. |
The factory system replaces artisans with workers, leading to Taylorism and the pursuit of maximum profit by employers.
Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
Economics
They are positive in all fields, mean progress
Social
They are negative for the worker, because his life has deteriorated, has become a slave to the machine.
The society has been divided into employers and workers.’re Locked in “class struggle”.
Entrepreneur | Workers |
-Owner of the means of production, wealth … “It belongs to the high bourgeoisie -Imitate the noble | “Nothing, only its workforce. “He has power. He lives in the last leg of the society, in very bad condition. |
In short, this society, “class” is an open society can rise and fall. It is divided by money and if the worker wants to improve has to struggle (workers’ struggles)
2nd Industrial Revolution (1870-1914)
“England is surpassed by Germany and the U.S., so it loses the leadership of the 1st industrial revolution.
“The new bases of the 2nd RI are:
· Oil: Apply as fuel thanks to the 4-stroke engine. The oil was used to illuminate or to waterproof ships.
· Electricity: Mostly the water is used for transport, lighting, communications …
· Chemical Industry: Both the heavy from the distillation of petroleum as the processed.
In the 2nd revolution were small businesses and family, but competition drives entrepreneurs to join, because every time you need to have more capital.
The companies will work with actions and thus created the Trust, which is the union of several companies engaged in the same and never be separated. They often engage in coal, iron … if united avoid competition. Another way is the poster, which links companies setting up agreements, but do not fuse (set the price, the market that everyone has …)
Another is the holding company, is a business, is the capital of the bank that lends to a company to produce profits, the benefits go to the bank.
The more complex formula is a monopoly, eliminating competitors, requires a lot of money, so most have been state monopolies (RENFE, CAMPSA).
The labor movement
It is the reaction of workers to the situation in which they live. Arises from the negative aspects of the Industrial Revolution, which are:
a) The worker is a slave to the machine
b)Lives in poor living conditions
c) There is no one to defend him.
Stages of labor movement
1st stage. Awareness
Occurs when the worker reaches such exploitation decides he can not continue. Started in revolutions 30 and 48.
2nd stage. Luddite
The workers believe the problems are and decide to destroy the machines. With that nothing is achieved. The British government did not allow the machines were destroyed and penalties were the deportation or execution.
Stage 3. The first workers’ associations
It creates the Trade Unions, represents only the metal workers were the most important, but were banned by the government
Stage 4. The movement canto
The workers produced the “Charter of the people” is a text which sought to change laws so that workers could reach the English parliament. It succeeded at that time.
In summary, these 4 movements failed because they were well organized, they had a good ideology, were not united … It was easy to enable governments to control them.
The ideologies are to be socialists and anarchists.
Socialism
There are two types of socialists
-Socialist utopia: What are intellectual groups are noble and entrepreneurs. I feel sorry for the life of the worker and therefore use more charity than justice. They propose ideal solutions, but far from reality.
Fourier wants to create “the phalansteries” were cities in the country, where around 1700 people, each could work on what would and would share profits. There was no private property.
The problem is in sharing the benefits.
“Marxism: What did Marx and Engels wanted to denounce the situation where the workers lived and believe it is time for reform. The workers want to make a revolution to destroy capitalism.
Marx’s theory has two parts:
· Economic materialism: What they do is study history from the economic standpoint and that takes 5 times:
Stage 1 of the Neolithic history: It was a society where everything belonged to everyone, shared the harvest, so there were no problems. That was the ideal society.
2nd Roman Empire: It analyzes society in which there are masters and slaves. There are two opposing groups and there are class warfare.
Feudalism 3rd: There are feudal lords and serfs of the land, is like slavery. At this stage there is class struggle.
4 The Industrial Revolution: It’s time to further exploitation because they have formed two hostile social classes (employer and worker). According to Marx is the time to start a revolution, because there is class struggle.
5th egalitarian society what has been done in the revolution and the pattern is gone there will be a new egalitarian society and everyone is equal.
Marx said that the worker is not ready because he could not be educated. Educate and train the workers and this requires an intermediate stage called “proletarian dictatorship”, in which there is a group (the elite) who will teach the workers. This then is the party elite. Being prepared is the worker egalitarian society.
The intermediate stage is very important because it is the only way that the worker is formed in what is the Revolution.
· Economic materialism: Marx wrote a book “Capital” where he explains his economic theory.
A) Save
B) Invest
C) Spend
The benefit could be secure.
The situation of exploitation of workers is called surplus value, is the work performed by the worker and not paid. It does:
a) With longer working hours.
b) Because it lowers the wages
c) Because he prefers the work of women and children.
The capital gain is the exploitation of workers and is due to the capitalist system, which does not allow companies to give workers better salaries.
Capitalist system that requires employers to seek ever greater profits and continue to exploit the worker.
This kind of work the employee cancels, he becomes part of the machine. The work is no longer something that will dignify man, makes him lose all settings.
Anarchism
It is a theory that proposes the maximum freedom of man. They are led by Bakunin, who is a personal friend of Marx.
At first they were called libertarians.
It has many points of similarity with Marxism, but then separated.
Differences
— Anarchism does not want any form of government, think about the state and that citizens are able to govern themselves. It is the 5th stage of Marx without the middle.
— For Marx, the workers are not prepared, there must be someone who’s educated and well before Marx believed to be the workers who made the revolution, Bakunin believed that peasants have to be. Bakunin lived field experience.
— Anarchists do not support the vote and intend to come to power by force. Use “murder”, which discredits. It will be a banned movement and Marxists use the vote.
In short, both ideas (anarchism and Marxism) face in the International Workers Association (TIA) and gradually anarchism was losing power.
Internationalism
This is actually a series of conferences where they meet the Marxists and anarchists to mark the positions.
1st International (1864), London
It was a meeting attended by utopian socialists, Marxists and anarchists around the world with an idea to direct the workers’ struggle. At this congress clashed Marx and Bakunin and the anarchists were completely discredited, like utopian socialists.
This international war ends after Sedan and experience of the Paris Commune.
To try to save what he had meant the U.S. Congress moved to where he ended up failing the 1st International.
2nd International (1889), Paris
It was only Marxists were not anarchists or utopians.
Marx has already died and has not fulfilled what he said. He said the workers would increasingly worse, but have made many improvements.
This international two trends emerge:
—Reform: Its leader is Bernstein proposes that power can be achieved by a vote from the parliament.
— Revolutionary: They are led by Rosa Luxemburg, proposes that we must come to power by violence, by the revolution.
They wanted to adapt the labor movement with the times, but the 1st World War paralyzes the international (the workers’ struggle is forgotten with the war).
3rd International (1919), Moscow
Just go the Communists, the Socialists failed to attend, so it is not considered real International.
Almost at once the Socialists held a 3rd International, which follows the theory of Bernstein.