Evolution of European Integration: From Coal to Common Market
Introduction: Process of European Creation
497 Million inhabitants and Europe has 27 countries, a project that materialized in the ECSC, EEC, and EAEC. There are 23 official languages and 2 founding treaties: 1952-CECA, and 1958 Rome EEC and Euratom. Reforms include 1993 Maastricht, 2003 Nice, and talks beginning in 1999 Amsterdam. The U.S. followed a similar idea in the 19th century but with nationalisms. The utopia was defended by Saint-Simon and Victor Hugo. Lemonier truncated the 20th century with the World War I. The war just created the Fed and European nations, was launched in 1929 with the emerging stock market crash of nationalism, fascism and triumphs; the UK denies. After World War II, from exile, establishing Benelux in 1945 and the Marshall Plan, money that comes from U.S. dollars to help. So different organizations surge:
2: Current Cooperation Council of Europe: no transfer of sovereignty. The ECSC’s current integration was based on the transfer of powers from one part of sovereignty to the CECA. Schumann and Monnet had the idea of integrating the coal and steel industries of Western Europe, pooling resources in a single hand, “High Authority.” In 1951 it is signed with 6 member states to avoid wars; the 1st president was Monnet.
Communities in the Union
25 March 1957: establishing the EEC and Euratom and the ECSC EURATOM Treaty (1951). EEC: Elimination of customs duties between member states, financed outside the Customs Tariff; EEC common agricultural policy and transportation; creation of a European Social Fund; Building a European Investment Bank; closer relations among member states.
Differences Between Treaties
ECSC – Coal and steel common market, supranational integration, high authority, financial autonomy.
EEC, EAEC (atomic energy) – Common Market of member states, free movement of goods, integration of supranational and intergovernmental commission, financing through contributions from member states.
Treaties Establishing Reforms
- 1952-CECA: France, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands
- 1957-EEC/EURATOM
- 1956-Treaties of executive fusion
- 1973-Adhesion of the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Ireland
- 1981-Adhesion of Greece
- 1986-Spain and Portugal
- 1992-Maastricht Treaty
- 1995-Adhesion of Austria, Finland, and Sweden
- 1997-Amsterdam Treaty
- 2001-Nice Treaty, adhesion in 2004 of Latvia, Cyprus, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Czech Republic
- 2007-Adhesion of Bulgaria and Romania
- 2004-2006-Constitutional Treaty
- 2009-Lisbon Treaty
- 2007-Lisbon Enlargement Treaty
Major Reforms: Berlin Wall falls, end of Communism, 1992 criteria to enter the EU (democracy, state law, market economy). Single European Act 1986: reform of the 3 founding treaties, signed in 1986, starting in 1985 based on the Delors book, ending the negotiations in 1986, enters into force in 1987. It brings changes: treaties and reforms in a single text, from unanimity to qualified majority, institutionalized European political cooperation, recognizing the figure of the European Council, greater influence of Parliament, and creation of a Court of 1st Instance.
From Common Market to Market: an area without borders, where free circulation of goods, people, and services are guaranteed, deadline to get it: January 1, 1993. The EU Maastricht Treaty, February 7, 1992: until then there were only 3 communities and it formed one of the pillars of the EU Treaty, establishing the EU on the 3 communities and adding another 2 pillars: follow common foreign policy and cooperation in jurisdiction, police, and criminal matters. In the 1st pillar there is a transfer of sovereignty; in the 2nd and 3rd there is no integration, they are based on intergovernmental cooperation. The 2nd and 3rd do not arise from Community law; they are compromises. All is based on the acquis communautaire, existing legislation (treaties, directives, regulations). TEU: Another reform is to change the name of the EEC. Other reforms: broad powers of the EU in health and culture, strengthening of environmental expertise and technological development, the European economic union, citizenship of the Union, further strengthening Parliament, establishing the Ombudsman, providing means of correction of the negative effects of the market: communitarization of social policy, establishment of a policy of employment, social integration protocol 14 in the operational provisions. The UK in the Nice Treaty has to accept social measures such as social dialogue; in that negotiation, the UK could leave guidelines but did not agree. The EC let the employers and unions reach an agreement within 9 months and a NICE directive may emerge. The Treaty of Amsterdam comes and falls short; its signature takes place in 2001. There is a question of whether to deepen or widen the EU; it is chosen to enlarge the EU to work with more states. Challenges include democratization and more power to Parliament, leading citizen projects for greater participation of civil society. It attempts to consolidate the EU model to this Treaty and the Statute of the Charter of EU Fundamental Rights proclaimed in Nice. A political decision is closer to citizens, a follow-up to the candidate countries and the public to be identified with EU values. It collects classic rights such as dignity, freedom, equality, and justice; the right to strike is not included because it was not recognized in the UK. The Lisbon Treaty, December 13, 2007, amends the EU treaties and the EC rather than replaces the EU treaty, creating the EU separately in the texts that marked a before and after. It aims to achieve a more democratic and transparent European Parliament with more power, and more effectiveness with rights and values such as freedom, solidarity, and security. The U.S. becomes an actor in the scene through the global creation of a minister to…