Fire Protection & Dry Construction Methods in Modern Buildings
Fire Protection Requirements for Construction Materials
Council Directive 89/106/EEC outlines key fire protection requirements for construction materials and works. Buildings must be designed and constructed to ensure the following in case of fire:
- Structural integrity for a specified duration
- Limited fire and smoke generation and spread within the building
- Prevention of fire spread to neighboring structures
- Safe evacuation or rescue of occupants
- Safety of rescue teams
Fire protection levels and reaction-to-fire test data determine the classification and suitability of structures. The EN 1364 1-6 series provides standards for fire resistance testing of construction elements.
Fire Classification Based on EN 13501-1
EN 13501-1 classifies construction materials based on various parameters, including:
- Flame spread characteristics
- Rate of heat release
- Total heat release
- Smoke production and toxicity
- Combustion residues
The standard also specifies test methods that consider both real fire scenarios and the intended use of the material, providing a practical evaluation framework.
Dry Construction Systems
Dry construction refers to building methods that minimize the use of water. These systems typically involve prefabricated elements assembled on-site. Common examples include:
- Assembled partitions
- Suspended ceilings
- Raised floor systems
- Dry screeds and linings
- Prefabricated load-bearing structures
Materials Used in Dry Construction
Dry construction commonly utilizes materials such as:
- Timber
- Metal (steel)
- Precast reinforced concrete
Technologies and Construction Systems
Dry construction encompasses various technologies and systems, including:
- Traditional construction methods
- On-site assembly of small elements
- On-site assembly of panels
- Log houses
- Light construction systems (outer walls weighing less than 300kg/m2)
Metal Frame Construction
Metal frame construction involves using cold-formed or hot-rolled galvanized steel sections (C-studs, I-beams, U-beams, etc.). The process typically includes:
- Factory cutting and packaging of the frame
- Transportation to the construction site
- Assembly on a prepared foundation or basement using screws
- Installation of insulation, coverings, wiring, pipes, doors, and windows
Timber Frame Construction
Timber frame construction offers varying levels of prefabrication:
- Low-level prefabrication: Elements are cut and labeled in the factory.
- Mid-level prefabrication: Wall, roof, and slab panels are produced with frames and linings.
- High-level prefabrication: Panels are delivered ready-made with coverings, claddings, doors, windows, wiring, etc.
The construction process generally involves:
- Selecting a house style from catalogues
- Receiving a fixed price quote and completion date
- Choosing finishes and fixtures
- Factory production of pre-fitted wall and roof panels
- On-site assembly of panels
- Completion of the house within 8-12 weeks
Solid Wood Panels vs. Log Houses
Solid wood panels, typically made of cross-laminated timber, are prefabricated and assembled on-site. They often require additional layers for insulation, rendering, and internal coverings.
Log houses use prefabricated logs, each numbered and positioned according to a plan. Construction involves laying the logs sequentially on the foundation or floor slab.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Dry Construction
Dry construction offers several potential advantages:
- Full-service options (design, build, finance)
- Fixed prices
- Fast construction times
- Guaranteed quality
- Low energy consumption
However, there are also potential disadvantages to consider:
- Concerns about lifespan and durability
- Safety considerations (storms, burglary, fire)
- Lack of thermal mass
The actual advantages and disadvantages depend on the chosen technology, materials, and contractor. With approved products and qualified contractors, dry construction can offer significant benefits, including:
- Predictable construction timelines due to prefabrication
- Well-planned and precise construction
- Improved building regulations and standards
Problem Sources and Mitigation Strategies
Potential problem sources in dry construction systems include:
- Planning issues and system compatibility
- Regulatory differences between production and construction
- Self-made construction without proper expertise
- Coordination challenges with multiple contractors and trades
- Quality control of assembly and materials
- Transportation and storage of materials
- Proper use and maintenance of the system
To avoid these problems, it’s crucial to engage qualified professionals, use approved products, and ensure proper planning, coordination, and quality control throughout the construction process.