First Aid for Bleeding, Injuries, and Emergencies

Posted on Feb 28, 2025 in Biology

Otorrhagia: Bleeding from the Ear

Skull fracture may cause this. AUXI 1: Do not put anything in the ear. Side-lying position and carry the patient if bleeding.

Epistaxis: Nosebleed

May be related to hypertension. AUXI 1: Do not put anything in the nose. Apply pressure to the nose for 10 minutes. If clots form, plug with cotton wool with hydrogen peroxide.

Hematemesis: Vomiting Blood

Black blood from the mouth. AUXI 1: Place the patient on their side, take samples, and carry the patient.

Hemoptysis: Coughing Up Blood

Blood from the mouth, often with a cough. May indicate cancer or tuberculosis. AUXI 1: Bring a semi-sitting sample.

Melena: Black, Tarry Stools

Bleeding from the rectum with dark, tarry diarrhea. AUXI 1: Take the patient to the hospital.

Rectal Bleeding

Local blood, tears from injury or cancer. AUXI 1: Carry the patient to the hospital.

Metrorrhagia: Vaginal Bleeding

Rule out pregnancy and quarantine. Apply a compress and carry the patient.

Hematuria: Blood in Urine

Indicates bladder or kidney disease. Study the patient.

Wounds: The Concept of Wounds

Any loss of skin continuity.

Consequences

Risk of infection and hemorrhage.

Symptoms of Injury

Pain, bleeding, and edge separation.

Types of Wounds

Incised Wounds

Cutting by sharp objects. Causes bleeding and may require stitches.

Puncture Wounds

Caused by nails or small knives, creating a deep hole. High risk of infection.

Lacerated Wounds

Tears from crushing. Bruising is common. Edges may not align for sewing. High risk of infection.

Abrasions

Rawness of the skin, but not through the epidermis, leaving the dermis uncovered. Only capillaries are affected.

First Aid for Wounds

Serious Injuries

  1. Control bleeding.
  2. Cover the wound.
  3. Avoid pollution.
  4. Do not remove foreign bodies.
  5. Carry the patient to the hospital.

Minor Injuries

  1. Clean the cut.
  2. Wash the wound with soap and water.
  3. If the edges separate, bring them together.

Serious Cases

Pneumothorax

Presence of air through trauma to the pleural cavity.

Recognizing

Intense pain and respiratory distress.

First Aid

Place the patient in a semi-sitting position and carry them to the hospital.

Abdominal Injuries

Presence of bleeding and bowel loops. AUXI 1: Do not reintroduce bowel loops; continuously monitor.

Amputations

  1. Control bleeding; apply tourniquets.
  2. Wrap the amputated part in a cloth, cover it, and place it in a meter with ice.
  3. Carry the patient to the hospital.

Contusions

Injury to internal skin, leaving the surface untouched.

Types of Contusions

Ecchymosis

Redness of the skin, a bruise in the area of injury.

Hematoma

Rupture of veins, extravasation of blood. May cause pain.

Necrosis

Tissue death due to lack of oxygen.

Caustic Burns

Chemical burns that release heat.

First Aid

  1. Remove clothing.
  2. Flush with abundant water.
  3. Carry the patient to the hospital.

Frostbite

Skin injury caused by cold. Local area agency determined (nose, mouth) and smaller vessels.

Chilblains

  1. Injury with redness and swelling due to non-irrigation of the area due to cold injury; vasoconstriction causes itching.
  2. Blisters: Passage of the cold if irritation in the area.
  3. Escar: Lack of blood supply in the local area, damage to the specific area.

General Symptoms

Tachypnea (rapid pulse) is due to a progressive cooling of the whole organism. Tachypnea appears weak and invincible. Sleepiness and serious complications such as tetanus and gas gangrene may occur.

First Aid

Loosen apparel or additions to hinder the flow, slowly warm, and give hot drinks with sugar. Raise the limbs.

Lipotimia

Fainting with brief loss of consciousness and surface due to a sharp decrease in blood flow.

Syncope

Sudden, short step, usually caused by circulation and total sudden loss of consciousness.

Coma

Prolonged loss of consciousness with reflex sensitivity losses of various mobility traumatic comas traumatic neurological toxicity.

Hypoxia

Brain: blood pressure dropping.

Hypotension

Lowering of the blood pressure.

Hypothermia

Lower body temperature.

Tachypnea

Rapid breathing.

Burns

Injury caused by heat in all its forms.

Types of Burns

  • 1st Degree: Involve the epidermis, resulting in redness.
  • 2nd Degree: Affects the epidermis and dermis, with plasma-filled blisters.
  • 3rd Degree: Blackish, affects all layers of skin and bones, muscles, nerve endings; dead, no pain.

First Aid

  1. Assess the state of the burn victim.
  2. Cool the burn under cold water (15-20 minutes).
  3. Remove rags and cover the area with metal objects.
  4. Do not pinch blisters.
  5. If the person is burned, make a blanket roll and carry them to the hospital.