Francoism in Spain: Characteristics and Evolution (1936-1975)
Francoism in Spain: 1936-1975
Origins and Ideological Foundations
The term “Francoism” refers to the political and social movement that supported the dictatorial regime which emerged in Spain during the Civil War (1936-1939). Led by General Francisco Franco, this regime prevailed until his death in 1975. From the post-Franco period (or “tardofranquismo”), coinciding with the Spanish Transition, “Francoism” also describes political positions considered similar to or reminiscent of Franco’s characteristic nationalist, conservative, undemocratic, autocratic, and Catholic postures. These descriptions often carry an intention of disapproval.
The foundations of the Franco regime included:
- Spanish Nationalism: A strong emphasis on Spanish unity and identity.
- Catholicism: The Catholic Church played a significant role in the regime, influencing social and political life.
- Anticommunism: A staunch opposition to communism and left-wing ideologies.
These pillars supported an authoritarian military dictatorship, proclaimed as “organic democracy” in opposition to parliamentary democracy.
Evolution of the Regime
Following the defeat of the Axis powers in World War II, the regime gradually shed its pro-fascist character, while still retaining some of its symbols. Franco sought new international alliances, diminishing the role of the Falange in favor of other groups. The 1960s saw the rise of technocratic politicians trained in Opus Dei, who helped break Spain’s international isolation.
Key Characteristics of Francoism
- Exaltation of the Leader: Franco was presented as the undisputed leader of the Spanish people. This cult of personality was a trait similar to fascism.
- Fascist Influences: The regime adopted fascist-inspired symbols, uniforms, and principles, drawing parallels to Italian and German models.
- Totalitarianism: The Franco regime aimed to control all aspects of national and social life through various social organizations, primarily driven by the FET-JONS (Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista).
- Antiparliamentarism: Franco opposed the parliamentary system, believing that political parties had caused Spain’s decline. He advocated for an “organic democracy,” a semi-democratic system with indirect representation through state bodies. In practice, Franco’s personal dictatorship remained until his death.
- Anti-Communism: The regime was vehemently opposed to communism and all left-wing ideologies. Slogans like “Sentinel of the West” reflected this stance, portraying Franco as a guardian against communism’s spread to Spain and the West.
- National Catholicism: The regime was closely linked to the Catholic Church, particularly at the beginning. The Church significantly influenced society through censorship, the press, and the penal code. National Catholicism served as a primary ideological support, justifying the purging of those disaffected with the Movement’s principles, especially teachers, after the Civil War.
- Centralism: Francoism opposed any form of regional nationalism or autonomy. Co-official languages like Catalan and Basque were banned, along with regional flags and symbols. However, some privileges were tolerated, possibly due to the support provided by the Carlists.
- Traditionalism: The dictatorship exalted old traditions and symbols, constantly recalling Spain’s Golden Age, Ferdinand and Isabella, and other historical figures.
- Militarism: Given Franco’s military background, military symbols were prevalent in daily life, with frequent parades and celebrations.