Franco’s Spain: Dictatorship, Isolation, and Economic Transformation
Post-Civil War Spain: Franco’s Dictatorship (1939-1975)
Following the devastating Spanish Civil War, General Francisco Franco established a nationalist dictatorship that lasted until his death in 1975. This period coincided with World War II, where Spain aligned itself with fascist powers, leading to international isolation after the war.
First Phase (1939-1945): Fascist Influence and Autarky
During the initial years, Spain mirrored the totalitarian states of its allies, implementing economic autarky and suppressing dissent. The Falange party dictated the country’s direction.
Second Phase (1945-1959): Isolation and Cold War Alignments
Post-WWII, Spain faced condemnation from the United Nations. However, the Cold War dynamics shifted US policy, leading to military and economic support in exchange for military bases. This marked the beginning of Spain’s reintegration into international organizations.
Economic Growth and Social Change (1959 Onwards)
Third Phase: Stabilization Plan and Economic Boom
The 1959 Stabilization Plan aimed to liberalize the economy, attracting foreign investment and tourism. The devaluation of the peseta further boosted economic growth, fueled by remittances from emigrants and the European post-war prosperity.
This period saw significant industrialization and the rise of a consumer society, with increased access to appliances and vehicles like the SEAT 600.
Social and Political Resistance
Despite economic progress, the dictatorship persisted. Workers and students organized clandestine movements like Workers’ Commissions to demand better conditions and freedoms. The Catholic Church, influenced by Vatican II, also began to distance itself from the regime, supporting social movements.
Growing demands for freedom led to the establishment of the first CCOO (Comisiones Obreras) and the enactment of new laws, including the “General Law of Education” and the Press Law.