Functionalism, Conflict Theory, and Social Inequality

Functionalism and Conflict Theory

The structural-functional approach is a framework that views society as a complex system with interconnected parts working together to promote stability. This approach focuses on social structure, which are stable patterns of social behavior, and their social functions, the consequences of these patterns for society.

Key Figures in Functionalism

• Auguste Comte: Emphasized the need for social unity during times of change.
• Émile Durkheim: Established sociology in French universities using this approach.
• Herbert Spencer: Compared society to the human body, highlighting the interdependence of social structures.
• Robert Merton: Expanded on social functions, distinguishing between manifest functions (intended consequences) and latent functions (unintended consequences). He also identified social dysfunctions, which disrupt society.

Feminism and Gender-Conflict Theory

Gender-conflict theory examines society through the lens of inequality and conflict between men and women. It highlights how society places men in positions of power over women. Feminist theory also emphasizes the importance of women’s contributions to sociology.

Pioneers of Feminist Sociology

• Harriet Martineau: Considered the first woman sociologist, she advocated for women’s rights and educational reform.
• Jane Addams: A sociological pioneer who co-founded Hull House, aiding immigrant families. She focused on gender and inequality in her work.

Race-Conflict Theory

Race-conflict theory focuses on inequality and conflict between different racial and ethnic groups. It points out the social advantages of white people over people of color, such as better access to education, healthcare, and longer life expectancy. This theory also acknowledges the contributions of people of color to sociology.

Key Figures in Race-Conflict Theory

• Ida B. Wells-Barnett: Campaigned for racial equality and against the lynching of black people.
• W.E.B. Du Bois: The first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard. He studied black communities, addressed social problems, and co-founded the NAACP.