Fundamental Motor Skills and Body Expression in Physical Education
Fundamental Motor Skills
Jumping
A basic human skill involving momentarily suspending the body in the air.
- Horizontal Jump (deep)
- Vertical Jump
- Spinning on One Foot (high)
Spinning
Rotation around any axis of the human body.
Releases
Prerequisite for launching, having picked up the object. Any action to dispose of an object after pushing with upper body segments.
Receptions
The act of gaining possession of an object. Any action involving catching or picking up an object, stationary or moving.
Development Stages
- First Stage: Poor reception, waiting stance (arms turned and glued to the body). Beginning use of hands to address, improving reception.
- Second Stage: As coordination increases, reception becomes more precise, improving all reception types.
Generic Motor Skills
Basic skills forming the foundation of specific skills. Relate to common gestures across different motor skills, requiring varied experience for effective use.
Throwing
Projecting an object through the air with controlled trajectories using upper body segments.
Classification
- Static: Subject remains stationary.
- Dynamic: Subject is moving.
Striking
Hitting a moving object with a body segment or implement. A sudden, forceful encounter of a body in motion against another, either static or moving.
Motion Analysis
- Preparation: Body adjusts to the path of the moving object.
- Contact: Point in space where the implement and object collide.
- Follow-Through: Time of contact between the implement and object.
Guiding
Controlling and moving an object to a desired location.
Feints
Body movements meant to deceive an opponent.
Analysis
- Slowing or stopping movement early.
- Deception: Feinting with the body or moving in a specific direction.
- Overcoming: Changing direction and pace after the imbalance to gain an advantageous position.
Stops
Receiving an object with controlled apprehension, without using hands, preparing for subsequent actions.
- Advance
- Contact
- Cushioning
- Preparation
Interceptions
Cutting off the path of a moving object or person. Shares characteristics with striking and impacts.
Marking
Monitoring an opponent with accompanying movements to prevent or control their actions.
Passing
Transferring an object to a teammate.
Shooting
A precise pass aimed at scoring.
Pivoting
Turning with the object to protect it and overcome an opponent.
Blocking
Intercepting an opponent to allow a teammate to pass.
Motor Skills and Abilities
Concepts
- Motor Schemes and Adaptations
- Physical Capacity and Movement Possibilities
Procedures
- Body and Motor Control
- Adaptation of Motor Skills to Different Environments
- General Physical Conditioning
Attitudes
- Interest in Improving Ability and Quality of Movement
- Valuing Good Motor Performance
Body Expression in Physical Education
Body expression originated in theater and actor training. In the 1950s, it was primarily associated with dance and rhythmic gymnastics.
Influential figures include Delsarte, Mesendieck, Duncan, and Dalcroze.
Some attribute its birth to a reaction against Puritanism in the U.S., advocating for body liberation. The 1960s European movement and the May 1968 French revolution further contributed to its development.
Body language emerged as a new art form using the body as a means of expression.
Factors of Body Expression
- Bodily Sensations: Recognizing our body and environment, processing sensations and stimuli.
- Internalization: Understanding movement possibilities and relationships with objects and others through observation, analysis, and reflection.
- Spontaneity: Reacting appropriately to each situation based on internalized processes.
- Creativity: Producing new ideas through movement, drawing upon accumulated experiences.
Physical Fitness
Force
The ability to overcome external resistance through muscular exertion. Can be slow, fast, or explosive.
Strength
The ability to maintain continuous effort, delaying fatigue. Can be aerobic or anaerobic.
Speed
The ability to cover distance in the shortest time. Classified as reactive, gestural, or travel.
Health Effects of Physical Activity
- Improved musculoskeletal system
- Cardiovascular and respiratory adaptation
- Improved body composition and reduced obesity
- Lowered blood pressure and cholesterol
Physical Health and Body Condition
Concepts
- Body Care: Routines, rules, and safety measures.
- Effects of physical activity on health and body maintenance.
Procedures
- Techniques for physical activity: Warm-up, cool-down, hygiene, and postural awareness.
- Activity Adequacy: Economy and balance in effort, strength, and range of motion; concentration.
Attitudes
- Respecting one’s limits and avoiding risks beyond capabilities.
- Responsibility for one’s body and valuing physical activity.