Grammar and Communication Elements: A Detailed Analysis
Nouns, Adjectives, and Determiners
Nouns: msa, Coxe, friendship
Adjective: Describes the noun (cayejras, handsome, pqño)
Determiners: (accompanies the noun/name)
- Article: el, lo, la, ls …
- Possessive: my, your, his …
- Numerals: 1, 3, 6 …
- Demonstratives: proximity or distance, this, that, those …
- Indefinite: some, few, several, many …
- Interrogatives/Exclamatory: What house? What a home!
Prepositions, Verbs, and Conjunctions
Prepositions: a, ante, bajo, cabe, con, contra, de, desde, en, entre …
Verbs: present, past imperfect, future imperfect …
Conjunctions: To join phrases: y, e, ni, o, u, pero, +, aunque, but, because, since, therefore, although.
Adverbs and Interjections
Adverb: Accompanying the verb:
- Place: I go far
- Time: I go in the morning
- Mode: I go walking
- Affirmation/Negation: yes, no
- Quantity: much, very
Interjections: uy!, ay!, madremia!
Syntax
Complement of the Verb:
Direct Object: What? Who? (answers to whom or what)
Indirect Object: To whom? For whom? (usually refers to a person or animal)
Attribute: When the verb is ‘to be’ or ‘to seem’, it describes a quality or state.
Circumstantial Complements:
- Time: When?
- Place: Where?
- Mode: How?
- Company: With whom?
- Instrument: With what?
- Quantity: How much?
- Cause: Why?
Predicative: Answers the question ‘how?’ e.g., I arrive tired.
Regimen Complement: Juan trusts.
Agent Complement: Always accompanied by the preposition ‘by’. e.g., The book was validated by the student.
Noun Complement: Mary buys a book of adventures.
Adjective Complement: Accompanies an adjective. Maria buys a pair of dark blue shoes.
Apposition: Words that clarify the noun, e.g., Maria, my cousin; Madrid, the capital of Spain.
Communication Elements
Sender: Who writes.
Receiver: Who receives.
Channel: Medium through which we receive information, visual, auditory…
Code: Set of signs, language, images.
Message: What the sender wants to say.
Context: Place where the information is received, classes, school.
Verbal Peripherals
Modals:
- Necessity/Obligation: (have to, ought to)
- Doubt/Probability: (should, might)
- Possibility: (can)
- Habitual: (used to)
Aspectuals:
- Inceptive: The action is about to start.
- Inchoative: The action begins.
- Durative: The action continues.
- Resultative: The action is finished.
- Repetitive: The action is repeated.
Commentary
Theme: Single principal topic.
Summary: (1/4 of the text) with key words, without opinion.
Macrostructure: Distribute ideas into paragraphs, organize them, and prioritize them.
Thesis: The author’s main point at the end of the text.
Structure: Analyze, frame, or synthesize (preferably where the thesis is).
Linguistic Function:
- Referential: Reports information.
- Expressive: Gives an opinion.
- Appealing: Draws attention.
- Phatic: Maintains communication.
- Poetic: Beautifies the text.
- Metalinguistic: Talks about language itself.
Deixis:
- Personal: (I, me, us)
- Social: (social class, drug addicts, young people)
- Spatial: (place: city, here, there)
- Temporal: (today, yesterday, tomorrow)
Sentential Form: Exclamatory, imperative (orders), interrogative, hesitant (doubts), desiderative (wishes).
Lexical Elements: Words with high value in the text (nouns, adjectives, adverbs).
Rhetorical Figures: Ironies, metaphors, hyperboles…
Types of Arguments: Scientific, personal, data, justice, health, morals, ethics, social…
Mechanisms of Syntactic Cohesion
- Enumeration Connectors: finally, first, then…
- Reformulation Connectors: in short, briefly, finally…
- Rectification Connectors: to correct the statement, on the contrary, rather…
- Opposition Connectors: but, otherwise…
- Cause Connectors: this is due to, because…
- Valuation Connectors: to give an opinion, deep down, of course…
- Addition Connectors: to add information, also, equally…
- Exemplification Connectors: specifically, in particular…
Mechanisms of Semantic Cohesion
- Synonymy: (words that mean the same)
- Antonymy: (words with opposite meanings)
- Hypernymy: (a hypernym of a rose is flower)
- Anaphora: (referring back to something previously mentioned)
- Cataphora: (referring forward to something that will be mentioned later)
Linguistic Register
Types: Formal, standard (conforming to the standard), colloquial (expressions used in everyday speech).
Text Typology/Genre: Expository-argumentative (information + opinion), narrative (telling a story), descriptive (giving details), dialogue (conversation, interview).
Scope of Use: Journalistic, scientific, legal, administrative, literary.
Purpose of the Text: To inform (if expository), to critique and convince (if argumentative).
Critical Appraisal
Theme: Is the social theme relevant? Does the author succeed in guiding our opinion? Are the arguments convincing? Is the theme treated in depth? Does the title reflect the theme? Are there related movies or books? Is there coherence? Does the text always address the same theme? Is the linguistic register used facilitating comprehension?
Personal Reviews: (Is the text relevant to our social environment?)