Hegel, Socialism, Marxism, and Anarchism: Key Concepts
Hegel
Work:
Logic (thesis), philosophy of nature (antithesis), and philosophy of mind (synthesis)
Logic:
In addition to explaining that reason is the way in which human beings express themselves, it is a cosmic rationality that is inside and above and that moves the world. It is at once human and divine.
“What is real is rational.” Reality can act to force more action, more presence, and rationality.
Meaning:
When the mind is able to overcome the particular and universal thinking.
Externalization:
Demonstration that being is done to know thyself.
Alteration:
The product exteriorized.
Alienation:
The set of the outward movement and the alteration.
Philosophy of Nature:
Thesis (affirmation), antithesis (negation), and synthesis (negation of the negation).
Spirit:
It is the whole reality, animated in all its aspects by the logos.
Philosophy of Mind I:
Thesis (subjective spirit), antithesis (objective spirit).
Subjective Spirit:
He studies the particular manifestations of the spirit: anthropology, phenomenology, and psychology.
Objective Spirit:
Addresses the community dimension of the person: right, morality, and ethics. In studying the ethical, it addresses the highest expressions: family, civil society, and state.
State:
It is the end of the trail in the state of rational logos. Within it lives the absolute spirit: art, religion, and philosophy.
Philosophy:
It is when logos comes to be.
Utopian Socialism
Saint-Simon:
Placed his hope in the technocrats and their revolution from above. Their organization would be consistent with respect to the capabilities of each, in an atmosphere of worship to work.
Charles Fourier:
Aspired to reach a free society through bartering. Also, a society in which every individual has the opportunity to find the activity that was most pleasant.
Robert Owen:
He is considered the precursor of labor legislation.
The Trade Unions:
Companies will exchange their products.
Marxism
Dialectical Materialism:
Believes in its own laws.
Historical Materialism:
History is explicable by laws, based on observation. The social class struggle is the motor of history. The forces of historical evolution are the economic and material forces of human life.
Ideology:
It is a false consciousness; the belief that the thoughts, ideas, and beliefs of the mind arise due to intellectual activity. This ideology is conditioned by material reality governed by the economy of thought.
Infrastructure:
A set of material elements that are essential in the functioning and evolution of society (economy).
Superstructure:
A set of ideas and beliefs that try to organize the whole of human relations (legal, political, and philosophical). It depends on infrastructure.
Alienation:
Loss of something that belongs to us and, by extension, the false consciousness that we actually are.
- Economic Alienation: Exploitation of workers.
- Social Alienation: Division of society into classes.
- Political Alienation: The State.
- Religious Alienation: Evasion of reality.
Productive Forces:
The means, instruments, and human activity involved in production.
Relations of Production:
Adopted various forms of productive forces throughout history.
Merchandise:
Everything that is bought and sold (all).
Use Values:
What an object is worth concerning human need.
Exchange Values:
The value of objects acquired in accordance with the law of supply and demand.
Plusvalia:
Accumulation of wealth.
Anarchism:
Erupted in the mid-nineteenth century as a response to oppression and exploitation by capitalism. It rejects dictatorship, the failure of economism, and anthropological confidence.