Hepatitis C, D, and E: Transmission, Symptoms, and Care
Hepatitis C
Identification: Hepatitis C is a single-stranded RNA virus containing about 10,000 nucleotides. Its diameter ranges from 30 to 60 nm.
Forms of Transmission
The primary route of transmission is parenteral. In the past, it was the type of hepatitis most commonly transmitted through blood transfusions and organ transplants. Healthcare staff are also a risk group due to contact with contaminated blood and accidental needle sticks. Cocaine administered intravenously or parenterally, and tattoos can also be forms of contagion, but to a lesser extent. The same applies to sexual transmission; infection is very rare this way.
Manifestations
We distinguish two types of hepatitis C:
- Acute Hepatitis C: Symptoms are similar to those produced by other hepatitis viruses, usually milder than with hepatitis A and B. It is usually detected when a person has continuously asymptomatic elevated liver enzyme levels in routine blood tests.
- Chronic Hepatitis C: This produces a series of inflammatory and necrotic liver changes for about 6 months. This inflammation may also be due to excessive consumption of alcohol and drugs. Asymptomatic patients have a high level of serum transaminases, fatigue, and mild jaundice. In patients who develop active disease, cirrhosis can occur, even leading to death.
Treatment
There is a treatment that combines alpha interferon with ribavirin. Administered for 48 weeks, it can achieve a positive effect. However, this treatment can cause side effects such as fever, malaise, muscle pain, chills, and other flu-like symptoms.
Prevention
- Avoid sharing needles.
- Practice safe sex.
- Do not donate blood, tissues, or semen if infected.
- Avoid sharing cosmetics and toiletries.
- Get vaccinated against hepatitis A and B to prevent further liver damage.
- Receive verbal information from healthcare personnel.
Hepatitis D
Identification: Hepatitis D is a small virus. Its single-stranded RNA is usually circular. It is considered defective because it requires the presence of the hepatitis B virus to reproduce.
Forms of Transmission
The main routes of transmission are similar to those of the hepatitis B virus, with parenteral being the primary route. It can be transmitted by contaminated fluids.
Manifestations
In healthy people, coinfection with hepatitis D and B viruses usually causes acute illness and allows recovery with immunity. In patients with chronic hepatitis B, it can cause serious chronic progressive disease that may result in cirrhosis.
Treatment
The hepatitis D antigen is found in the blood and liver and briefly stimulates the production of antibodies only at the beginning of the acute infection.
Prevention
It can be prevented through vaccination for hepatitis B.
Hepatitis E
Identification: Hepatitis E belongs to the family of single-stranded RNA viruses, measuring 27-32 nm.
Forms of Transmission
The transmission route is fecal-oral, primarily through contaminated water. It is found in countries with poor sanitation.
Manifestations
Very similar to hepatitis A. It appears that contact of the virus in the digestive tract leads to an excitation of the immune system and specific antibody production, preceding viremia. This may be the cause of death in pregnant women.
Treatment
There is no specific treatment. Bed rest has not been shown to be useful; light exercise and a protein-rich diet are recommended.
Prevention
Improve hygienic and sanitary conditions, taking special care to treat the water that is consumed.