Hobbes, Locke, and the Self: A Comparative Analysis
Thomas Hobbes and the Leviathan
Thomas Hobbes, a prominent 17th-century English philosopher, is best known for his work Leviathan. This work explores his theory of absolutism. Hobbes posits that in a natural state, humans would be entirely free, with no limitations. He argues that society restricts individual freedom. In this natural state, there is no society, and therefore, no impediment to freedom. However, this natural state is governed by the law of the stronger or more intelligent. Man’s nature is driven by two principles: self-preservation and the satisfaction of instincts. These natural desires take precedence over everything. Without society, there are no prejudices, leading to a constant state of conflict. Hobbes famously stated, “Man is a wolf to man.” This is evident in children, who lack compassion. However, reason allows humans to create a social state through a pact, ending the continuous confrontation. In this social state, individuals give up their rights to a sovereign, who imposes respect and maintains order. The state’s sole purpose is to eliminate the problems of the natural state and establish peace. In this context, the end justifies the means. Humans are inherently cruel, but society and education instill respect. The state punishes wrongdoing. Absolutist states arise from this theory.
John Locke and Political Contractualism
John Locke, another key figure in political philosophy, is known for his work Two Treatises of Government, which forms the basis of political liberalism and modern democracy. Locke’s contractarianism examines the natural state of man and the formation of society. In the natural state, humans possess basic rights given by God: the right to life, liberty, and private property. This contrasts with Hobbes, who does not emphasize property rights. Locke argues that if one can demonstrate ownership, it is legitimate. Locke also emphasizes human rationality, unlike Hobbes, who believed the natural state would lead to constant war.
The Development of Self
The self in a child is initially very young but develops through conflict with external influences. This development leads to consciousness. Initially, the young are narcissistic, but consciousness connects the instinctive with society, linking the individual to reality. Sometimes, we do things we don’t want to because of this narcissistic influence. Children are self-centered, viewing everything from their perspective. Over time, this egocentricity decreases as one socializes. The “me” is the link between desire and reality. The development of the self depends on language, reasoning, and motor control. If socialization is successful, these aspects develop normally. Problems in language development can hinder the proper development of the self. These events are causally related.