Human Culture and Philosophy: Key Concepts
Human Culture
Defining Culture
Culture is the great human creation. Humans are defined as culture-producing beings. Culture is intelligence.
Anthropology
Science that aims to understand all aspects of the human being.
Dimensions of Study
- Biological or physical anthropology
- Social anthropology
- Ethnology or cultural anthropology
- Archaeology: study of ancient cultures
- Philosophical anthropology
Evolution Theory: 1st Phase – Lamarck
Lamarck used two laws:
- The function creates the organ.
- The transmission of acquired characteristics.
To illustrate his hypothesis, he used two examples: the mole that lives in darkness does not exercise its vision and eventually loses it, and the giraffe that feeds on tree leaves progressively stretches its neck and limbs.
Hominization Process
Phylogenesis: the process of evolutionary relationship among species.
Hominization: evolutionary process of humans.
Biological classification of humans: Kingdom: Animal; Phylum: Chordata; Class: Mammals; Order: Primates; Family: Hominids; Genus: Homo; Species: sapiens.
- Appearance of hominids.
- Appearance of the genus Homo.
- Appearance of Homo sapiens.
Specific Traits of Human Nature
- Genetic differences.
- Anatomical differences: bipedal and erect; liberation of upper limbs; transformations of the brain and skull morphology.
The key to the development of intelligence is encephalization.
Humanization
Refers to all that has been added to human life since the consolidation of Homo sapiens to the present, summarized under the term “culture”.
Foundational Differences of Culture
Capacity for Symbolization: Humans communicate through symbols, while animals can only use signals.
- Signals: signs with no direct relationship to what they express.
- Symbols: uprooted signs that require a process of abstraction and social agreement to denote meaning.
Greater ability to understand group relationships: capable of understanding the feelings and intentions of others.
Control of Behavior: Stimuli do not automatically trigger responses, as occurs in animals. Humans can make cognitive or affective mediations.
Learning by imitation and symbolic communication, the ability to anticipate or foresee: Humans can plan behaviors. Animal intelligence vs. human intelligence: The main objective is to know the action, execute the supposed behavior, and solve the problems that the situation poses. Buffering stops being automatic, as in animals, to become voluntary. We can direct our actions by what we think, project, and invent.
Sensation and Perception
Sensation: action of a sensory stimulus on our organs.
Perception: giving meaning to sensations. When perceiving a set, a form stands out from a background and acquires meaning.
Sensitive Experience: provides data and reports and connects us with things.
Consciousness
Functioning depends on the brain. It is considered an emergent phenomenon (a phenomenon produced by the conjunction of many different elements and more than the mere sum of the elements).
Collect and Think with Concepts
Perceptive Concept: Allows recognizing all features of the object as perceptions of the same thing.
Concept: set of features, notes, or aspects that identify or classify individuals or objects. Concepts can be perceptual or abstract. The set of all individuals designated by a concept is called an abstract class or category. Intelligence allows managing the huge amount of information received from reality through concepts.
Properties of Concepts
Comprehension: set of features that define a concept.
Extension: set of individuals that can be identified with the concept.
The Use of Intelligence
Intelligence allows directing our special human mental operations through projects invented by us.
Intelligent Attention
Attention: ability to select relevant information that we consider in focus for perception, leaving other received stimuli in the shadows.
Types
- Involuntary Attention: automatically attending to a stimulus.
- Voluntary Attention: allows us to focus attention where we want.
Intelligent Memory
Memory: capacity or ability to acquire, preserve, retrieve, or use information.
Types
- Iconic memory
- Short-term memory
- Long-term memory
How Do We Learn?
Principal mechanisms in animals: conditioned stimuli, a reflex movement done automatically or involuntarily. Operant conditioning.
Human Learning Features
- We learn better when we can give meaning to information.
- We learn by assimilating new information to known information.
- Learning is an active operation.
- The report always summarizes information.
- Learned things can become automatic activities.
- We can know something even if we cannot remember it.
Linguistic Intelligence
Human intelligence is verbal and linguistic. We think and learn with words.
Natural Languages
Languages that arose to collaborate in psychic and social life.
Artificial Languages
Each word or sign uniquely corresponds to what it designates. They aim to be perfect.
Language is a shared community creation. Language is the essence of culture, as human social creation is intelligent.
Judging and Concluding
In affirming or denying, we form a judgment. To infer is to move from one report to another.
Affective Experiences
Experiences through which we perceive negative or positive values of reality.
Classes of Affects
- Desire: awareness of a need or advancement of a reward.
- Sentiment: functions: reporting on our organism. Informs whether our desires or expectations are met or not.
- Attachment: deep affective ties.
Values
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IRTH d N dl reflection philosophy: nl nq momnt appeared philosophy : ls fexas shuffled ks sn VIIth century and VI acatravs d q documnts testify to nventories tnto term philosophy cm dl dl etymological meaning “love of wisdom” the busqeda d vrdad. “dl Origne commonalities:· Istorica.ntre same era ls sigls VII and VI a.cviviern alguns figurs + d ls d importants 1st reflection filosofik n east and west cm Confucius, Buddha, Thales of Miletus (Greek philosopher 1 ls belonging to pre-Socratic) · a mismaactitud vital, d busqeda. l d sbr desire to xplikr and Dr umana sntido to life. · Partindo d ls mitics religious interpretacions, s attempt buscr xplikacion ms completa.el origin d s philosophy called myth dl l step logo. 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Thought and discourse: operations: express: it consists in giving form and present our ideas or nustros sentimintos and that’s a distinction 2 momnts.momento receptive esfuerzo.podems: No sports activities for all ls ls q n is received informacion.momento assets: productive, creative, expressive. describe: a vces l cm pensaminto intends to have houses or ls ls sn sr sucesos.debe objective, accurate and complete. explain: This means clarifying, we must understand. justify: dben be razons ls x ls k is said that and no other q cosa.s it seeks the reason.Ls d pregunts philosophy: · life around them xk n sa costituido umana life. · D universal character · timeless · abierts. Filosofia cm sist: to know the progress the philosopher s d d xponr systematically ImportNT aqells solucions filosofics q dspus d someterls to criticize ns ls parecn mjr fundamntads.para adqirir philosophical lacompetencia ncesarios for life, s necessary studiar philosophy cm xhibition sistmatica mjr d ls solucions fundamntads asta la fxa. birth d reflection philosophy dl: nl nq momnt appeared philosophy: ks ls shuffled fexas VIIth century and VI acatravs sn d q documnts testify to nventories tnto term philosophy cm dl dl etymological meaning “love of wisdom” the busqeda d vrdad. “dl Origne commonalities:· Istorica.ntre same era ls sigls VII and VI a.cviviern alguns figurs + d ls d importants 1st reflection filosofik n east and west cm Confucius, Buddha, Thales of Miletus (Greek philosopher 1 ls belonging to pre-Socratic) · a mismaactitud vital, d busqeda. l d sbr desire to xplikr and Dr umana sntido to life. · Partindo d ls mitics religious interpretacions, s attempt buscr xplikacion ms completa.el origin d s philosophy called myth dl l step logo. Eastern thought: orintl s philosophy ms remained linked to religion and spiritual. · scencia d Confuncio.la their heads acia nseñanzs s the definition d life n good conduct, government mjr l, l citizen dla tradition, l studio, meditation . · No Indian Buddhism: I considrars cm filosofia d spiritualida.xk Podr nl dl spiritu figure the solution to2 ls d d aspiracions problem and the umano.Western Philosophy: Eastern and Western philosophy dif.ntre: For orientals ls s is a philosophy xperincia salvation and pa d s conociminto ls occintals rational argumntado. The philosophy and culture of Greek antiquity d s caracterizarn x: defense frees dl d spiritu ; art Greek politics n d s buscarn government frms q ls vinculasn No decisions citizen politics; conociminto ls Greek scientist was for universal alg. fil d historical stages. occ.: · filo.griega: holistic efforts d the reason x xplicar the nature and social life. · filo.cristiana medieval pnsaminto dl eredera Greek, is subordinated to theology; filo.moderna: reflect on and conociminto umano sr l; edge . contemporanea: xl marked rise d d science and criticizes the philosophical tradition; current era: OTRS busqeda d d dimnsions ms alla science.sabr filo.cm radical s is d un double sntido sbr raical n: xk busk d ls l Origne things; x ntendr and his aspiration to the total d xplikar the realities umana; cn ls means to achieve kuenta k sn: experience; pensaminto understood cm razonaminto logical. verda cm conociminto d the real ls ql 1 Presocratic NDERSTANDING matter ought xplikar k l philosophy was all real d Origne. verda cm sabr live bin: filo.griega will occupy the truth NDERSTANDING d cm suction the bin and moral philosopher l felicida.Socrates was represented claramnt ms q sta d direction philosophy, defended the task 1 q ª d stablecr philosophy consisted No definicions universals and morals objtivas valors sbre ls q dbn regin umana coexistence and politics.Greek Filo: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle. Filo modern discards. Filo.medieval: Augustine of Hippo, Thomas Aquinas.