Human Sexuality, Reproduction, and Hygiene
Phenotype: These are the physical characteristics we see in a person.
Genotype: It’s all about the genes and heredity.
Biological Sex: This is determined by the sum of an individual’s genotype and genotype profile.
Sex Hormones: Biological sex is influenced by sex hormones.
Phenotypic Sex: Development begins in the 8th embryonic week, influenced by the presence of testes and testosterone, and vice versa.
Sex Allocation: This is the sex assigned to a child at birth, usually based on external genitalia.
Secondary Sexual Characteristics:
– Growth of body hair in both sexes
– Women: Menstruation
– Men: First ejaculation
– Growth of breasts and widened hips in women
Sexual Dysfunction:
Erectile Disorder or Impotence: Inability for a man to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse.
Premature Ejaculation: Inability to delay ejaculation for more than 30 seconds after penetration.
Anorgasmia or Orgasmic Dysfunction: Inability to achieve orgasm. Also called frigidity.
Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse, more frequent in women. It is due to psychological factors or lack of vaginal lubrication.
Vaginismus: Painful contractions of the vagina during intercourse.
Human Sexual Response: It is divided into 4 phases:
1. Excitation Phase
2. Plateau Phase
3. Orgasm Phase
4. Resolution Phase
Intercourse: The penetration of the penis into the vagina.
Contraceptive Methods:
Temporary:
– Natural Methods: Rhythm method, basal body temperature method, Billings method, lactation
– Mechanical Methods: Condoms, diaphragms, intrauterine devices
– Chemical Barrier Methods: Spermicides
– Hormonal Methods: Pills, hormone injections, implants
Permanent or Surgical:
– Tubal ligation
– Vasectomy
Other:
– Coitus interruptus
– Douching
Homosexuality: Sexual attraction to a person of the same sex.
Bisexuality: Sexual attraction to both sexes.
Transsexuality: Discrepancy between gender identity and assigned sex.
Cross-dressing: Compulsive need to wear clothes of the opposite sex.
Heterosexuality: Sexual attraction to individuals of the opposite sex.
Paraphilias:
Pedophilia or Pederasty: Sexual attraction to prepubescent children. Pedophilia: girls; Pederasty: boys
Incest: Sexual relations between close relatives.
Zoophilia or Bestiality: Sexual activity with animals.
Fetishism: Sexual arousal from inanimate objects.
Necrophilia: Sexual arousal from corpses.
Voyeurism: Sexual arousal from observing unsuspecting individuals naked or engaging in sexual activity.
Exhibitionism: Sexual arousal from exposing one’s genitals to others.
Sadism: Sexual arousal from inflicting pain on others.
Masochism: Sexual arousal from experiencing pain.
Sexual Assault: Use of force or coercion to engage in sexual activity.
Prostitution: Commercial sexual activity.
Pornography: Use of sexually explicit material for sexual arousal.
Abortion:
Definition: Termination of pregnancy before fetal viability.
Classification:
– Spontaneous: Miscarriage
– Induced: Legal or illegal termination of pregnancy.
Causes:
– Poisoning
– Malformations
– Trauma
– Toxemia
– Infections
Characteristics of Abortion:
– Abdominal pain
– Vaginal bleeding
Implications:
– Psychological: Fear, depression
– Partner: Abandonment, rejection
– Family: Disappointment, discrimination
– Social: Discrimination
– Infertility
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs):
– Human papillomavirus (HPV)
– Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
– Pubic lice (Pediculus pubis)
– Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
– Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
– Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1: mouth; HSV-2: genitals)
– Granuloma inguinale (Klebsiella granulomatis)
– Lymphogranuloma venereum (Chlamydia trachomatis)
– Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis)
– Candidiasis (Candida albicans)
Hygiene:
Objective:
– Improve health
– Maintain health
– Prevent diseases
Levels of Prevention:
A) Primary: Preventing disease before it occurs.
B) Secondary: Early detection and treatment of disease.
C) Tertiary: Managing existing disease to minimize complications.
Personal Hygiene Measures:
– Physical exercise
– Good posture
– Personal cleanliness
– Handwashing
Physical Fitness:
Good nutrition and physical exercise
– 0-5: Excellent physical activity
– 5-10: Very good
– 11-15: Good
– 16-20: Fair
– >20: Poor
Family Hygiene Measures:
– Avoid contact with sick family members
– Respect personal belongings
– Maintain a clean home
Community Hygiene Measures:
– Water purification
– Good ventilation and lighting in housing
Physical Fitness:
