Human Sociability, State Concepts, and Political Systems
The Origin of Human Sociability
Sociability and Self-Interest
Sociability and self-interest: Thomas Hobbes believed that humans are not inherently social beings. Instead, we live in society out of pure self-interest to ensure our survival. Humans are selfish, viewing others as potential rivals or tools to satisfy their own needs. Facing challenges that threaten their survival, they seek help from others.
Sociability and Nature
According to Aristotle or Erich Fromm, humans are inherently incomplete and require others.
The Concept of State
Characteristics of the modern state include:
- Territorial Power: The State’s power extends throughout its defined territory. Within these borders, nothing and no one escapes its authority.
- Sovereignty: The State is sovereign within its territory, possessing supreme authority. Other institutions within the community are subordinate to it.
- Maintaining Order: This is a primary function of the State. It is obligated to protect its members from internal and external threats.
The State is Not Necessary
This position is advocated by anarchism, a political movement. Anarchists believe the State is a tool used by the powerful to oppress the people, concentrating wealth in the hands of a few.
Anarchism is based on the idea that humans are inherently good. Therefore, the State becomes unnecessary as social solidarity prevails as the fundamental principle.
The State is Necessary
- Because the State monopolizes force, it is uniquely positioned to prevent tensions and conflicts that threaten social stability.
- The State is also necessary because it promotes the common good. Individuals are often preoccupied with their own goals, making State intervention necessary for public well-being. Public health systems exemplify objectives that necessitate the State.
Authoritarian State
An authoritarian state is characterized by unlimited authority, not subject to any control. No organizations can apply laws without considering the interests of those in power. There are two types:
Absolutist State
The sovereign’s power is virtually unlimited and not subject to any restrictions within their domain. Those in power are not chosen by citizens, nor can citizens legally oppose the ruler’s orders (e.g., monarchies like Felipe II in Spain).
Totalitarian State
The State controls even non-state institutions, such as civil society and private life, to prevent opposition that threatens its hegemony (e.g., Nazism).
State Based on the Rule of Law
Authority is subject to the “rule of law.” Political power must be exercised within the limits of the legal system to protect individual rights against State abuses. Key features include:
Constitution
The constitution is the most important law, regulating and structuring the State based on the rule of law. It includes fundamental principles and protects fundamental individual and collective rights and freedoms.
Separation of Powers
Separation of powers is another mechanism guaranteeing a fair State, introduced by Montesquieu (legislative, executive, and judicial).
Social State Based on the Rule of Law
This State recognizes that legal recognition of individual freedoms is insufficient. It corrects deficiencies and inequalities generated by the system, intervening directly to realize rights like decent housing and work. The State plays a fundamental role in the social sphere.