Icons, Symbols, and Linguistic Functions in Textual Analysis
Icons, Symbols, and Signs
Icon: Maintains a relationship with reality. Examples: tree, photography, painting.
Symbol: Has no resemblance to reality. Examples: numbers, letters.
Sign: Represents a cause-effect relationship. Example: Dark, cloudy skies indicate rain.
Linguistic Functions
Referential Function: Focuses on objects and the external world.
Emotive Function: Conveys the speaker’s attitude and emotions.
Conative Function: Focuses on the listener and aims to influence them.
Phatic Function: Establishes and maintains communication.
Metalinguistic Function: Uses language to discuss language itself.
Poetic Function: Emphasizes the artistic and aesthetic qualities of language.
Textual Properties
Consistency
Refers to the logical connection of ideas in a text.
Cohesion
Refers to the grammatical and lexical links between elements in a text.
Correction
Ensures the text adheres to the rules of grammar and spelling.
Adjustment
Refers to the adaptation of language to the context and audience.
Cataphora and Anaphora
Cataphora: A reference to something that appears later in the text.
Anaphora: A reference to something that appears earlier in the text.
Text Types and Structures
Argumentative Text
Aims to persuade the reader of a particular viewpoint. It typically includes a thesis statement and supporting arguments.
Expository Text
Presents factual information or explains a concept. It can be informational or specialized and should have a clear and organized structure.
Narrative Text
Tells a story, either fictional or factual. It can be narrated in the first, second, or third person and may employ different narrative techniques.