Industrial Revolution: From Britain to Global Capitalism
The First Industrial Revolution
The First Industrial Revolution began in Britain in 1760 and, during the twentieth century, it spread through Europe, the USA, and Japan. When the process was generalized, it received the name of industrialization and led to the appearance of a new organization of the economy: capitalism.
The Basis of the Industrial Revolution
- The demographic revolution provided more labor.
- The agrarian revolution allowed increased production.
- The system began to increase domestic production of manufactured goods, lowering prices and providing additional income to farmers.
- Technological development, new materials, and energy sources caused a significant increase in industrial productivity.
- The steam engine: Its application in the textile industry accounted for machining tasks of spinning and weaving, which allowed producing more in less time.
- Revolutionized the cotton textile industry.
- Coal and iron commodities became the first industrial revolution.
The Second Industrial Revolution
The Second Industrial Revolution was characterized by the multiplication of technical and scientific developments.
During the second half of the nineteenth century, the important development of scientific thought promoted the emergence of new industries:
- Chemistry: developing new synthetic fabrics, explosives, pharmaceutical products, fertilizers, and perfumes.
- The iron and steel industry: fabricated metals such as steel and aluminum alloys from new.
- Oil and electricity progressively replaced carbon by favoring transport, communications, and automotive lighting.
Key Events and Concepts in Spanish History
On March 17, 1808, was the Mutiny of Aranjuez, led by supporters of Ferdinand VII. Exploiting popular discontent with the entry of the French in Spain was the revolt, which led to the dismissal of Godoy and the abdication of Charles IV.
- Guerrillas: a term invented during the war to appoint civilian groups which fought the French army in Spain. Its strategy is based on fast and surprise attacks, which undermined the morale of the enemy.
- Statement: military uprising to achieve political power by those who did not participate in political systems.
- Regency: provisional government of a nation caused by the minority of age, disability, or absence of the legitimate monarch.
- Disentailment: in economic history, it was a process that allowed Spain to expropriate land and property not productive. Those goods are sold in public auctions in order to increase national wealth and create a bourgeoisie.
- Universal suffrage: a system for participation by all citizens to choose their political representatives.
- Regeneration: the movement that emerged using the expression of Joaquin Costa, “regenerate Spain,” to refer to the need for change.
- Rigging: was to add or remove votes from the polls should be according to the election result. Feedback included dead or registered in other places.
- Cacique: an influence system in which life was based on electoral politics and Spanish during the restoration and that allowed changing the outcome of voting.
- Pragmatic sanction: a standard or legal provision enacted by King regards as fundamental aspects of state succession to the throne.