Information Systems in Organizations: Impact and Trends
Information Systems in Organizations
Basic Objectives of Systems Within Organizations
- Automation of business processes.
- Provide information that will support the decision-making process.
- Achieve competitive advantage through its implementation and use.
Classification of Information Systems
- Transaction Processing System (TPS)
- Management Information Systems (MIS)
- Decision Support Systems (DSS)
- Executive Information Systems (EIS)
- Office Automation Systems (OAS)
- System Resource Planning (ERP)
- Expert System (ES)
What is a Transaction Processing System?
A Transaction Processing System manages the information concerning the transactions involved in a company or organization.
What is an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System?
An ERP system integrates information and processes of an organization into a single system.
What Comes After Implementing Transactional Systems?
After implementing transactional systems, organizations typically implement:
- Decision Support Systems
- IT to create a competitive advantage
What is IT?
IT refers to an individualized career counseling process aimed at facilitating the development of resources and expertise of the user, allowing them to identify options, choose between them, make decisions to plan activities, and evaluate their results independently.
Two Results that IT Can Have for Companies
- Banks can update their internet portals.
- Educational institutions are given the option to consult the internet for their curricula, schedules, and requirements.
What is IBM’s Optimization Approach to IT?
IBM’s IT Optimization focuses on creating a highly efficient and dynamic infrastructure that provides maximum business value from IT investments.
What Should the Business Perspective Bring?
- Support for business innovation
- Compliance and good practices
- Satisfying customer expectations
- Maintaining a competitive position
Why is Information the Key to Competitive Advantage?
- Information allows companies to differentiate themselves and, therefore, can provide competitive superiority.
Trends in Organizational Models
What is the Model of Organization in a Company?
It is a framework to respond to the proposed strategies, which should be adjusted according to their own evolving business requirements.
What is the Cooperative Multidivisional Model?
It employs various mechanisms of horizontal integration and human resource practices to promote cooperation and integration between corporate divisions.
What is the Competitive Multidivisional Model?
It is a version of an organization in which controls are used to stimulate competition among separate divisions for corporate capital.
Explain the Model of the World by Geographical Area
It considers the national interest and supports the efforts of administrators to meet local deficiencies in terms of geography, economy, and culture.
Mention the Advantages of the Global Model Products Division
Its advantages are that information is handled with ease, people have a full-time commitment to a particular product line, the responsibilities of the tasks are clear, and people receive broader training.
Management of Change in the Organization
What is Change Management?
Change management is the ability of organizations to adapt to different transformations occurring in the internal or external environment through learning.
According to Kurt Lewin, What is the Structure of Change?
The structure of change, according to Kurt Lewin, consists of unfreezing old values, implementing the change process, and refreezing new values.
What is Unfreezing Old Values?
Unfreezing old values is raising awareness of the need for change and eliminating or reducing any resistance to change.
What is Refreezing?
Refreezing is stabilizing the organization after the change is introduced, making the new pattern of behavior the standard.
List Three Steps in the Process of Planned Change
Three steps in the process of planned change are:
- Set goals to achieve.
- Analyze the current organization.
- Define necessary changes.
Organizational Models of Architecture and Technology
What is the Formal Role of a Business, Procedures, Guidance?
Answer: Organizational Model
Form of Organization in Which the Owner-Manager Takes Decisions?
Answer: The Simple Structure Model
Model in Which Jobs are Specialized and Grouped by Function?
Answer: Functional Structure Model
Model Consisting of “Operating Divisions” Representing a Business?
Answer: The Multi-Divisional Structure Model
Graphically Represent, Through Maps, Technology Components?
Answer: Technology Architecture Model
Architecture and Engineering Technology Software
What is Technology Architecture?
Technology architecture is a conceptual model defining platforms. “A formal description of a system, or a detailed plan of system-level components that guide its implementation.”
What are the Layers that Form the N-Tier Architecture?
- The Presentation Layer or GUI: Interacts with users and the application, whether external or application services. It allows user input so it can be treated according to the requested service.
- Business Layer or Business Process: Responsible for the processes, calculations, validations, and transformations of data. It does all the processing prior to direct treatment with the database.
- Data Processing and Data Services Layer: Allows the manipulation of data and executes processes of consultation, inclusion, and/or upgrades.
What is Enterprise Technology Architecture?
Enterprise technology architecture is a set of components, services, and procedures that guide and support the development and operation of a business solution for an organization, ensuring the quality, completeness, and operability of the result.
Mention Two Visions of SOA and What Does Your Architecture Mean?
Historically, companies have tried to combine two visions for their business:
- Business Vision: Specify and improve business processes (modeling and analysis of business processes through workflows, ISO).
- Technology Vision (IT): Computerizing the business through technology (frameworks, software development and integration, CMMi, and ITIL methodologies).
What Does SOA Architecture Provide?
The SOA architecture provides a design framework for the integration of independent applications from the network so that its functionality can be accessed, which are offered as services. SOA solutions enable, among other things:
- Improved decision-making.
- Improved employee productivity.
- Enhanced relationships with customers and suppliers.
What is Software Engineering?
Software engineering is the application of tools, methods, and disciplines for the production and maintenance of automated solutions to real-world problems.
Successful Organizations
Explain What a Successful Organization Is
A successful organization is recognized, internally and externally, for the proper performance of its ongoing mission and for continuing to meet the changes of itself and the environment. It has the ability to be sustainable in the long term in a changing environment.
Explain the Ability to Meet the Market and Build Loyalty
We need satisfied customers for us to compete in the market, and we need to continually add new clients to consume our products and services.
Explain the Capacity for Innovation and Change
At all times, we face obstacles and threats, and there are opportunities. If we remain static, we allow others to identify opportunities. By innovating, we distance ourselves from the competition.
Explain the Use of Technology
Without technology, we cannot progress. Every day, we have more processing power and storage, and they are more accessible. There is open-source software on the market; there is no excuse. Many IT solutions are free. If we discriminate against technology, we lose market opportunities and enter into a disadvantage. Usually, the pioneers in the use of technology are those who obtain an advantage.
Explain Availability and Coordination of Talent
Without the necessary talent, we do not have the capacity to act, and talent must be ensured according to the strategy and plans of the company. Firms select the best talent in order to develop optimally. There is global competition for talent.
Creation of New Business
What is Entrepreneurship?
Entrepreneurship is the attitude that characterizes an entrepreneur who sees a vision and plans to achieve it despite the risks.
Mention Some Knowledge and/or Skills of an Entrepreneur
The entrepreneur must have knowledge and management skills, technology, leadership, and communication skills, among others.
What is a Domestic Entrepreneur?
A domestic entrepreneur is a person who pays attention to innovation and creativity, with the intention of transforming a dream or idea into a profitable business operating within the organizational environment.
What is an External Entrepreneur?
An external entrepreneur is a person who does similar things to domestic entrepreneurs, only outside the organizational environment.
What is a Business Plan?
A business plan is a document that describes a business, analyzes the market situation, and sets out actions to be undertaken in the future, along with corresponding strategies for implementing them.
Technology Infrastructure
What is the Technological Infrastructure?
Answer: The set of items, services, and platforms that are deemed necessary for the functioning of an organization or the development of an activity.
What Makes Up the Technological Infrastructure of an Organization?
Answer: Software Platform, Hardware Platform, Network Platform, Telecommunications Services Platform.
What is the Software Platform? Name Some Advantages
Answer: Software is a set of programs, instructions, and languages that allow the system to carry out multiple tasks. Some benefits are reduced operating costs and improved quality.
What are the Elements that Make Up the Hardware Platform?
Answer: Computers, mobile computers, servers, virtualized servers.
Mention Some Services that are Part of an Organization’s Infrastructure
Answer: Web Hosting, Virtual Servers, Server Management, Audit of servers, high-performance solutions, infrastructure monitoring, Web Development.