Introduction to Information Systems: Concepts, Components, and Technologies
– Meaning of System is a set of things neatly interrelated contributing to a given objective.
Elements of a system:
– System components.
The relations between them that determine the structure of the system.
“The purpose of the system.
“The system environment: that which surrounds it, within which it is located.
“The system boundaries: the boundary between what the system is and what constitutes the environment.
For the data transformed into information is needed with the data operations that add value and give value to the user.
Catch It: Act of recording data
Verify: Validating
Classifying: Separated by categories
Sort: Place them in sequence
Summarize and calculate: To give a logical sense
Storing: Action to save
Recover
Copy: an example of PC role
Distributed: Give the user
Characteristics of Information
Available: easy and fast to obtain
Precise: no errors
Relevant: Used for the decision that requires
Timely
Clara: ambiguous expressions free
Flexible: more than 1 decision and more than one user
Verifiable: multiple users, = decision
An information system is the set of functions, processes and data that makes an organization or that are designed to perform
Automated Information System (CIS)
An SI does not need to exist, be mandatory based on the use of computers. The SI is always present, is mechanized or not.
The application of computer to SI produces information systems or computer-based Automated Information Systems (CIS).
Positive Effects of Computerized Systems
Information processing speed
Accuracy of calculations
Easy to handle large volumes of information
Storage capacity
Quality of presentation of results
Reducing long-term costs
Quick information to make decisions
Allows users to share information
Negative Effects of Computerized Systems
High initial costs
Dependence of system performance
Rapid obsolescence of hardware and software
Automation Staff
Requires training and expertise
Susceptibility to virus
Staff resistance to change
Wastage Equipment
Transactional Information Systems
Significant achievements of labor, because that automate operational tasks of the organization.
They are gatherers of information due to the intense input and output information.
These systems are responsible for integrating large amounts of information handled in the organization
Its cost is easily justified to the overall direction, because its benefits are visible and palpable.
They are easily adaptable to application packages which are in the market.
Management Information System
They provide end-user management, information products that support most of their needs for routine decision-making.
EIS Executive Information Systems (GSS)
Management information systems tailored to the strategic information needs of senior management.
• The goal is to provide senior management with immediate access and easy access to selective information on key factors that are critical to achieving strategic objectives of an enterprise.
How are the elements of the hardware?
· Processor
· Main Memory
· Input Devices
· Output Devices
· Secondary Storage Devices
Processor Consisting of two elements:
Arithmetic-Logic Unit (UAL): Run the arithmetic and logical operations with data.
Control Unit (CU): Managing the computer resources. Direct the flow of data to the UAL.
Main Memory Types:
1. Memoria ROM (Read Only Memory)
2. Memoria RAM (Random Access Memory)
The BIOS (Basic Input / Output System)
In personal computers, the firmware is responsible for loading the operating system of the computer and check the hardware components available.
Cache memory
You can reside in two locations:
Within the CPU (L1 Cache)
Between the CPU and RAM (L2 Cache)
Why is called the ROM firmware?
Because results from the integration of hardware and software.
Types of buses:
Data Bus Track Set (cables) for which data or pulses traveling to and from the processor. These cables connect the CPU to memory and other hardware devices.
Address bus: tracks (wires) where they travel memory addresses, which provide access to data and computer programs. These cables connect the CPU and RAM.
Classification of Software
Base-Software: A set of programs that enable computer resources.
Systems-Software: A set of programs that let you manage and control the resources of a computer.
-Application Software
“Software Package
-Expert Systems
-Artificial Intelligence
Programming languages are called the set of rules, instructions and rules necessary by means of which human beings can relay commands to the computer and Algara Redondo
Classification
High Level Languages
It has a resemblance to the written form as human beings we communicate, so the computer closer to the man
Mid-Level Languages
They have a syntax similar to the high-level languages and incorporates both directions and low-level functions allowing greater control over the hardware
Low-Level Languages
Are essentially very similar to the binary code that manages the computer through a sequence of zeros and ones which are then transformed into electrical impulses
Types
Machine-language: They are built on the basis of sequences of zeros and ones
Procedure-Oriented Languages: Allow write a single statement instead of many and annoying machine language instructions.
Object-Oriented Language: The emphasis is placed on the object that executes the action and not in the same action as in the procedure-oriented. Its hierarchical structure from top to bottom makes it is easy to design and understand the programs.
Network Operating System
· Provides basic services to computers on a network
oCoordina the activities of various devices
oProvee customers access to network resources
oPermite the data and device security
* Supports both mechanisms that allow applications to communicate with each other
· Is integrated with other operating systems known
Types of Red (Type): Point-to-Point and Client-Server
Scope of Network:
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
The MAN is a network covering a metropolitan area, for example, a city or a suburban area.
A MAN usually consists of one or more LANs within a common geographical area.
Network Adapter: Receive data and convert it to electrical signals, controls the flow of data through the cable
Network Cable, Twisted Pair Coaxial Fiber-Optic
Network Topologies
Linear Topology: A bus topology uses a single backbone cable to be terminated at both ends. All hosts are connected directly to this backbone.
Star topology: connect all the cables with a central point of concentration.
· Topology Ring: connect a host to the next and the last host to the first. This creates a physical ring of cable.
· Mesh Topology: is implemented to provide maximum protection to avoid interruption of service.
·Hybrid Topology: star-linear strella-ring
· EXTENDED STAR TOPOLOGY: connecting individual stars to each other by connecting hubs or switches. This topology can extend the scope and coverage of the network.
· STAR HIERARCHICAL TOPOLOGY: Similar to an extended star. But instead of connecting hubs or switches together, the system connects to a computer that controls traffic in the topology.
Expansion or Extension of Network
· Repeater Hub
· Bridge
· Switch
· Router
· Gateways
· Types of Remote Access Connectivity