Introduction to Kinesiology and Muscle Anatomy

Posted on Aug 26, 2024 in Physical Education

1. The Pectoral Girdle and Thorax Muscles

1.1 Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

The bones that form the pectoral girdle are the clavicle and the scapula.

1.2 Muscles of the Anterior Thorax Wall

The muscle found on the anterior wall of the thorax is the Serratus Anterior.

1.3 Muscles Acting on the Scapula

The muscle that protracts or abducts the scapula is the Serratus Anterior.
The muscle between the scapula and ribs is the Serratus Anterior.
The muscle that does not attach to the ribs is the Levator Scapula.
The muscle that extends the end is the Trapezius.
To stretch the Rhomboideus Major, you would upwardly rotate and abduct the scapula.
The muscle that retracts or adducts the scapula is the Rhomboideus Major.

1.4 Muscles and the Scapula

All of the following muscles attach to the scapula except the Pectoralis Major.

2. Muscles of the Shoulder and Arm

2.1 Muscles Acting on the Shoulder

A muscle that is a medial rotator of the shoulder is the Pectoralis Major.
The function of the Subscapularis muscle is medial rotation of the shoulder.
An attachment of the Latissimus Dorsi is the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
The muscle that attaches to the inferior angle of the scapula is the Teres Major.
The muscle that forms the medial wall of the axilla (armpit) is the Serratus Anterior.
The abductor of the shoulder is the Supraspinatus.
To stretch the Pectoralis Major, you would laterally rotate and abduct the shoulder.
The muscle that attaches to the shoulder is the Pectoralis Major.
The muscle that both flexes and extends the shoulder is the Deltoid.

2.2 Muscles Acting on the Elbow

The muscle that extends the elbow is the Triceps Brachii.
The muscle that does not attach to the intertubercular groove of the humerus is the Biceps Brachii.
The muscle that crosses three joints is the Biceps Brachii.
To stretch the Triceps Brachii, you would flex the shoulder and flex the elbow.

2.3 Muscles and the Coracoid Process

All of the following muscles attach to the Coracoid Process except the Subscapularis.

3. Muscles of the Forearm and Hand

3.1 Muscles of the Anterior Antebrachium

The common attachment of the anterior compartment of the antebrachium is the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
Many muscles of the anterior compartment of the antebrachium pass through the Carpal Tunnel.

3.2 Muscles of the Posterior Antebrachium

The common action of the muscles of the posterior antebrachium is extension of the wrist and fingers.

3.3 Muscles of the Hand

The muscle group that moves the thumb is the Thenar Muscles.

4. Muscles of the Hip and Thigh

4.1 Muscles Acting on the Hip

The muscle that does not attach to the greater trochanter is the Tensor Fascia Latae.
The muscle with the origin between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines of the coxal bone is the Gluteus Medius.
The muscle that attaches to the anterior surface of the sacrum is the Piriformis.
The muscle that extends the hip is the Gluteus Maximus.
Actions of the Tensor Fascia Latae include medial rotation and flexion of the hip.
The common actions of the deep hip rotator muscles include abduction of a flexed hip and lateral rotation of the hip.
The muscle directly inferior to the Piriformis muscle is the Superior Gemellus.
To stretch the Gluteus Maximus, you would flex and adduct the hip.
The muscle that attaches to the transverse processes and bodies of the lumbar vertebrae is the Psoas Major.
The Psoas Major and Iliacus share the common attachment of the lesser trochanter of the femur.
The muscle that lies anterior to the Adductor Brevis is the Adductor Longus.
Muscles capable of hip flexion include the Pectineus and Gracilis.
The muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh share the common action of adduction of the hip.
To stretch the Pectineus, you would abduct the hip.
The muscle of the posterior compartment of the thigh that extends the hip is the Biceps Femoris.
The muscle that lies immediately deep to the Rectus Femoris is the Vastus Lateralis.
The muscle that lies superficial to the common origin of the posterior compartment of the thigh is the Gluteus Maximus.
The muscle that has an attachment on the femur is the Biceps Femoris.
The muscle that flexes the hip is the Gracilis.

4.2 Muscles Acting on the Knee

The common action of the anterior compartment muscles of the thigh is extension of the knee.

4.3 Muscles and the Femur

The gluteal tuberosity and pectineal line come together at the proximal end of the linea aspera of the femur.

5. Muscles of the Leg and Foot

5.1 Muscles Acting on the Ankle and Foot

The common attachment of the Quadriceps muscles is the tibial tuberosity of the tibia.
The muscle that attaches to the anterior superior iliac spine of the coxal bone is the Rectus Femoris.
To stretch the Rectus Femoris, you would extend the hip and flex the knee.
The muscle that attaches to the calcaneus is the Gastrocnemius.
The muscle that plantar flexes the foot and flexes the knee is the Gastrocnemius.
The muscle that inverts the foot is the Tibialis Posterior.
The muscle that lies superficial to the Plantaris is the Gastrocnemius.
The muscle responsible for dorsal flexion of the ankle is the Tibialis Anterior.
The deep muscle of the posterior crus that only crosses the knee joint is the Popliteus.
The common action shared by all muscles of the anterior crural compartment is dorsal flexion of the ankle.
The tendons of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the crus pass posterior to the lateral malleolus of the fibula.
To stretch the Tibialis Anterior, you would plantar flex the ankle.

6. Kinesiology and Biomechanics

6.1 Introduction to Kinesiology

Kinesiology is the science or study of movement.

6.2 Levers and Muscle Force

The force of the lever is called the muscle.
A typical pair of scissors is an example of a first-class lever.

6.3 Joints and Range of Motion

Close-packed joints form maximal contact of joint surfaces.
A joint with one degree of freedom would have the least range of motion.

6.4 Muscle Contractions

A concentric muscle contraction generates a force and the muscle shortens.