Introduction to Metrology
UNIT I: Foundations of Metrology
To enhance the yield and quality of industrial fishing and mining operations, maintenance workers need a strong understanding of precision measurement using instruments like vernier calipers, micrometers, dial gauges, and depth gauges. This course equips students with the skills to use these instruments effectively, quickly, and safely.
What is Metrology?
Metrology is the science of measurement, encompassing all theoretical and practical aspects, including unit systems and measurement uncertainties across various scientific and technological fields.
Dimensional metrology focuses on techniques for accurately determining linear and angular magnitudes.
Measurement Basics
Measurement is the process of determining the value of a quantity. It can be direct, obtained from instrument readings, or indirect, derived through comparison or calculation.
Understanding Measurement
To measure is to compare a magnitude against a reference, called a standard, and express how many times the standard is contained within the magnitude.
Measurements are never perfectly accurate due to instrument limitations (resolution, wear), environmental factors (temperature), and operator skill (parallax error).
Accuracy of Measurements
The smallest division on an instrument determines the degree of precision for direct measurements. For example, a tape measure with 1-millimeter divisions provides millimeter readings.
Measurement accuracy depends on instrument quality, its resolution, and operator skill. A skilled operator can estimate values smaller than the smallest division.
Measurement Error (e)
Measurement error (e) is the difference between the true value (m) and the measured value (mi): e = m – mi
There are two types of errors:
- Systematic errors: Caused by instrument defects, method flaws, or observer error. These are difficult to detect and affect all measurements consistently.
- Random errors: Caused by unpredictable factors. These vary randomly and can be positive or negative. They are common and can arise from misalignment between the index and scale or observer carelessness.
Random errors can be reduced by applying the theory of probability and taking multiple measurements.
Measuring Instruments
A measuring instrument is a device used to make measurements, either alone or with auxiliary equipment.
Key features of a measuring instrument:
- Graduation system: The instrument’s divisions. If numbered every tenth division, it’s likely metric (1 mm per division). Otherwise, it might be imperial.
- Range: The span between the minimum and maximum measurable values.
- Degree of accuracy/reading: The smallest precisely readable subdivision on the instrument.
Figure 1.2: Metric Ruler
Figure 1.4: Range of a ruler and a micrometer
Figure 1.5: Degree of precision of a ruler