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WHICH ENTITY STATED THAT LANDSCAPE HAD AN IMPORTANT PUBLIC INTEREST ROLE IN OCTOBER 2000?(short answer)
European Landscape Convention in Florence
WHAT DID THE EUROPEAN LANDSCAPE CONVENTION STATE ABOUT LANDSCAPE IN OCTOBER 2000? (long answer)
‘Landscape has an important public interest role in cultural, ecological, environmental and social fields, and constitutes a resource favourable to economic activity and whose protection, management and planning can contribute to job creation.’
HOW DOES THE CONSTRUCTION OF CITIES TRANSFORM THE LANDSCAPE?
Cities radically transform the landscape. They create an artificial ecosystem that cannot sustain itself because natural resources and energy must come from other areas.
WHY DOES URBANIZATION ON THE COAST DETERIORATE THE LANDSCAPE / INFLUENCE THE ENVIRONMENT?
Huge tourist urbanization also plays a major part. This includes the construction of thousands of holiday homes and hotels, as well as marinas and golf courses.
WHAT CAUSES DESERTIFICATION IN SPAIN?
the existence of arid zones, which lack rain and have long seasonal droughts.
poor soil with a tendency to erode.
the loss of woodland due to forest fires.
the overexploitation, pollution and salinisation of aquifers.
WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPAL OBJECTIVES OF THE NATIONAL PARK NETWORK?
to ensure the conservation of the natural assets of these unique areas.
to balance conservation with public access.
to encourage scientific research.
LIST THE ORDER THREE TYPES OF PROTECTED AREAS AS STATED BY NOTES, APART FROM NATIONAL PARKS.
nature reserves.
natural monuments.
protected marine areas.
DEFINE THE TERM: NATURE RESERVES / NATURAL MONUMENTS / PROTECTED MARINE AREAS.
nature reserves. These are dedicated to protecting biodiversity, geographic and geological features and fragile ecosystems.
natural monuments. These are spaces that protect a valuable natural feature, such as rock formations, underwater caves, ancient forests, etc.
protected marine areas. These were recently created to protect and restore marine habitats that have been damaged by human activity.
DEFINE THE TERM: TRADE.
Trade is the buying and selling of products and services to satisfy the needs of the population.
DEFINE THE TURN: DOMESTIC TRADE, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, SELLERS, BUYERS, GOODS, MARKETS.
Domestic trade is the commerce that happens inside a country.
International trade describes transactions between states.
sellers. Individuals or companies that have goods or services they want to sell.
buyers. Individuals or companies that want to buy goods or services.
goods. Products that are bought and sold for money.
WHAT ARE TWO BASIC TYPES OF TRADE?
Domestic trade and international trade.
LIST THE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF TRADE.
SELLERS, BUYERS, GOODS, MARKETS.
lIST THE PRINCIPAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE TRADE.
An efficient infrastructure and a transport network
Positive financial results
Business confidence
A large market
Prices, taxes, advertising and discounts
HOW DOES AN EFFICIENT INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT NETWORK INFLUENCE TRADE?
An efficient infrastructure and a transport network that gets goods to consumers in the shortest time possible and in the best possible condition.
WHAT DO POSITIVE FINANCIAL RESULTS DO FOR TRADE?
Positive financial results generate consumer confidence and stimulate the economy.
HOW DOES A LARGE MARKET INFLUENCE TRADE?
A large market with many potential consumers increases business confidence. Electronic commerce (e-commerce) online helps companies to buy and sell materials and products anywhere in the world
LIST THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF RETAILERS?
Traditional retailers often have small family shops, such as a local grocery shop or small supermarket.
Department stores offer consumers a huge range of products. They are usually located in city centers and have many floors.
Large shopping centers are usually located on the outskirts of cities, where the land is cheaper and there is access to motorways and railways. Shops in these centers often belong to multinational chains and sell large quantities of goods at cheaper prices.
Street markets set up stalls in the open air on a particular day each week. The stallholders sell a wide variety of products, from food and clothes to craft goods.
DEFINE THE TERM: TRADITIONAL RETAILERS, DEPARTMENT STORES, LARGE SHOPPING CENTERS, STREET MARKETS.
Traditional retailers often have small family shops, such as a local grocery shop or small supermarket.
Department stores offer consumers a huge range of products. They are usually located in city centers and have many floors.
Large shopping centers are usually located on the outskirts of cities, where the land is cheaper and there is access to motorways and railways. Shops in these centers often belong to multinational chains and sell large quantities of goods at cheaper prices.
Street markets set up stalls in the open air on a particular day each week. The stallholders sell a wide variety of products, from food and clothes to craft goods.
WHAT IS EXTERNAL DEBT?
External debt is the money some countries owe to foreign creditors. These countries have to return the money they owe, with interest, to private organizations or international institutions, such as the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund.
EXPLAIN 3 / 4 / 5 REASONS WHY EXTERNAL DEBT IS SO SERIOUS.
Many investments to grow new crops and set up new companies and industries fail.
Epidemics and environmental disasters make the situation worse.
Corrupt governments in some poor countries do not invest the money borrowed in a proper way.
WHERE ARE THE TWO SIDE TO DEBT?
Position A. Some countries cancel all or part of the debt to help the borrowing country.
Position B. In many developed countries, canceling debt is opposed by some political and social sectors that do not want to lose any money owed to them.
DEFINE THE TURN: DOMESTIC TRADE, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, SELLERS, BUYERS, GOODS, MARKETS.
Domestic trade is the commerce that happens inside a country.
International trade describes transactions between states.
sellers. Individuals or companies that have goods or services they want to sell.
buyers. Individuals or companies that want to buy goods or services.
goods. Products that are bought and sold for money.
markets. These are places where commercial transactions take place. There are two basic types of markets: physical markets, where material goods are traded, such as a farmers’ market, and non-physical markets, where abstract or virtual goods are traded, such as a stock exchange.