Justice Policy, Communitarianism, Republicanism, and Feminism
Justice Policy
Justice policy essentially states that since we live in pluralistic societies, different conceptions of the good should accept that public life requires common norms of moral validity with a claim to universality. These rules, being rational, may be defended by all and each of the different conceptions of the good. This will give fundamental reasons in their own convictions, which will achieve a consensus.
Denial of State Neutrality
Liberalism holds a model of citizenship in which the state must remain neutral to any good life choice. Communitarians are strongly opposed to this thesis.
Communitarians believe it is possible to carry out justice, the ultimate goal of social life, without it being guided by a previous reconnaissance of what is good, as can be, for example, the way of equal human beings.
The choice of liberal neutrality is an option of valuation, not neutral. Besides, it risks driving the company to apathy, skepticism, corruption, and political violence.
Communitarianism and Civic Humanism
Communitarianism draws on the tradition of civic humanism. A free society requires sacrifice and discipline from its citizens. The motivation for accepting this commitment must come from the free and voluntary acceptance by citizens of the company to maintain the city’s collective identity.
This commitment is called patriotism. Patriotism is the linkage with which citizens are associated in a shared common political project.
Self: Status and independent status and capacity of the individual in public affairs.
Republicanism
The political system that protects the freedom of the right, with the law, which cannot be ignored by the government. It puts the emphasis on citizen participation and civic values in its opposition to corruption.
Compared to liberalism, which regards humans as sovereign, selfish beings, and communitarianism, that understands them as tribal beings, republicanism emphasizes the interactive nature of social life.
The Republican Conception of Freedom: Liberty of Ancient and Modern Freedom
Freedom is not the absence of restrictions, but the safeguard against capricious interference of others. This guarantee is provided by law.
The best form of defense against domination is a system of legal and institutional action that protects citizenship. Outside of law, there is no freedom. The law creates freedom. There is a restriction that is accepted because it provides profits, as in liberalism, but the constitutional law of freedom.
The Theoretical Contributions of Feminism to the Concept of Citizenship
They are grouped into two blocks:
- The review of classical philosophy, from which three conclusions are obtained:
- The tradition of Western thought is based on a political conception that excludes women.
- Although many thinkers point toward gender neutrality, in fact, their arguments are only applicable to men.
- The concept of man is invariably associated with reason and culture that characterize the public sphere. On the other hand, the woman is linked to the concept of emotion and nature, which defines the private sphere.
Citizenship and Feminist Theory
Marxist and Socialist Theories
These two theories share the same notion of human nature: something historically created by the dialectical interplay between biology, human society, and the physical environment.