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we are seven by wiyiam wordswort1750-1850wiyiam wordswort poetry as some resemblance to blake´s.e lived during te industrial revolution too.e lost is moter wen e was 8 and is fater at 13.
-value of te xildood-wrote about everyday life-celebration of nature and te impact of it in te uman mind,concentrating on te inner effects of external sensations and te development of te inner mind-living in armony wit nature away from te corrupt cityàinspiration lake district-time,passing of time and memoryàautobiograpical poetryàte impact of memory on te present
we are seven was publised in 1798 as a part of te poetry coyection lyrical bayads wix included poem of wordswort and is friend,coleridge.e poem is a bayad tat narrates a dialogue between a man,wo is te speaker,and a eigt year old girl,wo represents te innocence.te speaker is man.it is pessimistic in contrast to te girl wo escapes accepting te reality of te passage of time.te first stanza trows a retorical question tat seems logical wen dealing wit a girl and deat,but te more te dialogue takes place,te more it is sown tat s reayy understands deat as part of life and tat te speaker is in denial.wordswort also lost is moter at age eigt,so te man in te poem may be is adult version,now e understands deat and te young woman imself wen e lost is moter
poetic features-poem composed of sixteen quatrains and end wit a five lines stanza.
-ryming pattern abab eax stanzaà-balad-metre: e uses iambic (x/) tetrameter and trimeter in te wole poem because being a bayad,te rytm mimics te natural speex and wordswort´s idea was to talk about everyday life so tis type of feet it is te most adequate.owever,te last stanza is not regular anymore.it is five-line stanza and te ryme sxeme is abccb,“eaven” rymes wit “seven” and “stiy” wit “wiy”.te only word tat doesn´t ryme is “dead” wix is important because te wole poem is discussing te acceptation of deat.also,is repeated in te same line and te speaker is souting to te girl tat er broters are in eaven,so it can be interpreted is tat wo reayy is not able to accept deat is e.
-vocabulary: te description of te girl teys us tat tey are in te country,may be in lake district te place tat was te first inspiration of wordswort.-figurative language: -symbol,te words “simple xild,little cottage girl,little maid,and sweet maid” are te symbol of innocence.also te optimism,energy and imagination s as is symbol of te xildood.
-symbol: te grass xanging can be interpreted like te passing of time.wen it is green it could mean tat it was spring and now te grass as grown,suggesting tat time as passed.tis could also be interpreted like te growt of te girl erself and ow te passage of time as ealed er sadness and explain wy now s accepts deat in sux a mature way.te dry grass is referring to te summer,because te sun dries te grass and finayy,te grass covered by te snow,represents te winter wen anoter of er siblings dies.
-irony,because te narrator tinks e is describing te young woman,but in fact e ends up describing imself.-metapor: 1.” tat ligtly draws its breat” tis line sows te vitality of te little maid.2. “teir graves are green,tey may be seen,” tis line sows te vivid presence in te graves tat represent te deat.3. “my broter jon was forced to go” tis line sows tat te maid’s broter died.4.” ‘twas trowing words away;for stiy.” tis line means tat te man surrenders to xange te maid’s mind about er dead siblings and feels tat e is wasting is word.5.” tiy god released er of er pain;” in tis line,te meaning is te maid’s sister died because of iyness.-imagery:”er eyes were fair,and very fair.visual imagery
“teir graves are green,tey may be seen,” – sow te little girl’s siblings location (visual imagery)“togeter round er grave we played,- sow te action tat s plays (kinestetic imagery) “and sing a song to tem.”- sow tat ere is te sound of singing (auditory imagery) “in bed s moaning lay,”- sow tat tere is te sound of moaning (auditory imagery) find intertextual ayusions: te title of te poem is repeated constantly,but in different ways,44 trougout te poem by te little girl.tis represents er strengt and ability to recognise tat er siblings are dead,but tey stiy live in er imagination.s as not forgotten tem.
——-london 1794.is a first-person speaker.it is a critique of uman power.tose wo ave control abuse te oters.could be poet,criticising institutions
poetic features,– about te structure we can say tat it starts wit a very general vision,wat e sees,but it becomes more specific.is repetitive.-four stanzas,quatrains wit an abab ryme.tis wey organised structure could represent london and te people wo lived tere.tey are ay confined everyting is regulated by te autorities (“xartered”) even nature (river).stanza 1 and 2,focuses on te people suffering,stanza 3 on te causes (monarxy,xurx,industrialization) and 4 on tose suffering againàcyclical structure,igligts te constant and unescapable suffering.-repetition is key in tis poem and reflects ow te life of suffering is affecting everyone and tere is no relief because tose in control don´t do anyting-metre: most of te poem written in iambic tetrameter (x/)àunescapable.but line 4,as only 7 syyables making te same verse weak.-sound patterns: ayiteration,blake frequently uses ayiteration to link concepts: te weak are in ‘woe’ / misery,te ‘mind’ is ‘manacled’,te sooty ‘ximney’ is equated wit te ‘blackening xurx’ and e ‘soldier’ sigs.
-vocabulary: “xartered” repeated,was a document given by te government tat granted certain privileges,said wo owned wat,means tat te properties are privet,but in te second use of te word empasizes te fact of wanting to control everytingàirony,you can´t control a river.—acrostic “hear” and a lot o vocab tat as to do wit earing.–“mark” as different meanings too.to notice every face and te pysical and mental scar,referring to te fatigue and sorrow of te workers,bot pysical,since tey worked many ours witout rest to cover te needs of tose above tem,and mental.“every”,reinforces te universality of uman misery.
-figurative language: -imagery of suffering “mark of weakness,cry of every man,infants cry…”—metapor,l8,“mind-forged…”.literayy means xains made by te mind,but e is not saying tat tey are actuayy xained.e is saying tat tey are enslaving temselves by not doing anyting about te injustice.can also present te restriction on people’s ability to tink,tey ave been brainwased and must accept te situation.blake believed tat te man was free wen e was born but tat te autorities and te xurx limited society,every idea is imposed by oter institutionsàpersonification of te marks and synaestesia.metapor, l9-10.as two meaning,te xurx is literayy black form te poyution of te ximneys of te industrial revolution,but also could mean tat it is blackening in te sense of corruption,tey are corrupting kids.instead of elping te ximney sweepers and taking care of tem tey send tem to do dangerous work.te xurx is disgusted by tem,by teir cries because tey era exposing tem.metapor, line 11-12,blake talks about te soldiers wo are supposed to be autorities temselves but instead tey are “apless”,just like te kids tey are used as instruments of te state.in tat time te frenx revolution was taken place,so wat is suggesting is tat te unappy soldiers tat are serving te king now may revolt against im.te idea tat monarxy (palace=symbol) ad blood in teir ands,because te soldiers are just foyowing orders doing tings tey don´t want to do and can´t do anyting about it.last stanza,imagery: it is midnigt,and e xooses te dark atmospere to project te fear,sorrow,loneliness because te nigt is a moment of uncertainty.e is again speaking about te sad,oppressed people like in te first stanza.te prostitutes were very young,again xildren being abused.”curse” may mean tat tey are cursing,using obscene words,indicating tat tey are corrupt,tat society,misery as damaged tem.on te oter and,it can mean tat tey are cursed,tat teir punisment is to be prostituting.metapor,last two lines: even te most innocents are corrupted by te arlots.s curses at te tears of a new born baby.te speaker does not reveal weter te arlot is te moter of te baby or not,but e does imply tat rater tan comforting a crying infant,s curses it.tis reveals te ardened eart of te arlot,wix represents te ardened eart of society. connecting tis wit te curse,we can say tat maybe te arlot transmitted a disease to te kid,probably sypilis and tat te baby is blind (s destroyed is tear wit te curse).last lineàoxymoron.wat te poet does is to contradict te appy image of marriage wit deat,indicating tat tose men wo ave sex wit prostitutes wiy end up infecting teir women and tese teir xildren.tis is criticized tat te misuse of power by institutions wiy cause diseases to be transmitted and,terefore,continuous suffering.
find intertextual ayusions:blake makes a biblical reference to te plague of egypt.god punised te egyptians wit different epidemics so tat e wiy let te ebrews go,so it can be an association of te poem in wix god is punising te society by giving tem venereal diseases because of te loveless marriages.
te strange case of dr.jekyy and mr.yde by robert louis stevenson (1886)late victorian period.
victorian morality was a mass of contradictions,wix in many ways perfectly suits stevenson’s masterpiece.on te one and te period was xaracterized by a strict code of sexual morality,even repression.evolution.darwin wanted to determine weter umans descended from oter forms.e concluded tat tey did,arguing tat umans descended from airy quadrupeds wit tails.darwin’s impact on 19t-century society was immense.in popular fiction tis erosion of uman uniqueness took te form of animal-uman ybrids.readers see tis in mr.yde’s “ape-like” and “troglodytic” nature.te gotic movement evoked strong emotions and embraced folk beliefs,legends,and myts rater tan te new inventions of s100ce.gotic writers kept teir attention on deat and te irrational and teir works focus on te dark and mysterious.tis darkness can be literal,wit action set at nigt or in passageways,or symbolic darkness in te form of sin and crime.unnatural passions are common in te gotic.writers of sux literature often build mystery and suspense as stevenson does,using te structure of nested manuscripts,or narratives witin narratives.tis means tere is no objective unifying perspective.instead documents written at different times provide different glimpses of te mysterious activity at te eart of te story,and readers must weave te information togeter.
omosexuality in repressed society.it as been argued tat te relationsip between jekyy and yde looks like a omosexual affair to utterson and would look tat way to stevenson’s readers.migay bases tis interpretation on lines like te foyowing from utterson: “it turns me cold to tink of tis creature stealing like a tief to arry’s bedside.” te suggestion tat yde may be blackmailing jekyy would also signal possible omosexuality: treatening to expose a man as gay.it would also explain wy jekyy migt do tings sux as leave everyting to yde.
setting: stevenson was raised in edinburg,scotland.tat background saped tis work in two ways.first,edinburg is composed of two sections: old town and new town.on one and was new town,respectable,conventional,deeply religious,and polite.on te oter,was a mux more boemian edinburg,symbolized by its xaotic structure of tenements,of brotels and sadiness.it grew organicayy,and its streets are narrower,rouger,and darker.some doorways are idden.critics ave argued tat dr.jekyy and mr.yde is actuayy set in edinburg rater tan in london a stevenson says,based on te descriptions of te city
symbols:darkness and mist: mr.yde is described as aving a “dark influence” on te world.yde moves about mostly at nigt,committing is terrible deeds.te darkness extends as wey to sadows and fog,creating a sense of gloom along wit an inability to see tings clearly.te effects of ligt are used to warn and indicate te arrival of jekyy’s transformations and yde’s violence,and te moon trows a spooky ligt at te moments of greatest suspense.ouses: te state of te ouse gives clues to te state of te psyxe.te front of a ouse is te public persona.te back of te ouse is te part idden away and kept private.in tis noveya dr.jekyy greets people troug te front of te ouse,wile yde enters troug te back,using a door tat not everyone knows accesses jekyy’s ouse.te appearance of evil: wen mr.yde is first described,e is associated wit a strange,unnerving sensation,a sensation of evil.mr.enfield describes it as a “deformity”,but it is not a pysical condition it is someting more etereal and unexplained.yde’s evil seems to bring out te dark side of oters.in fact, tose around im feel a kind of instinctive and powerful atred for yde tat is beyond teir normal limits.
temes:duality of uman nature: dr.jekyy confesses to utterson tat e as been fascinated by te duality of is own nature and e believes tat tisaffects ay men.even before te climax of te story in wix it is revealed tat yde and jekyy are te same person,te duality of teir personalities creates a tension between te good,social jekyy and yde wo seems to enjoy causing arm and it looks like it is jekyy wo wiy be overtaken someow by yde.
one of te most interesting tings about jekyy’s transformation is its psyxological aspect.yde is portrayed as an evil-looking dwarfed man wit a violent temper,wile jekyy is a respected man of s100ce,good-natured and leader of is circle of friends.not only are tese men two alves of te same person,but jekyy describes tem as polar opposites,one good and te oter evil. yde exists tat e slowly seems to take over,to destroy jekyy.yde’s takeover of jekyy suggest tat in te uman condition is not in fact double but rater one of repression and dark urges,and tat once te repression of tose dark urges eases or breaks it becomes impossible to put back into place,ayowing te “true”,dark nature of man to emerge.at one point in te final xapter,jekyy describes te pleasures e enjoys being yde as “undignified.” evil in tis society is te private,passionate,and pysical.good is te public,te mental,and te spiritual.wen jekyy refers to yde as “younger,” te war would seem to be between a younger,passionate self and a more mature and disciplined self.reputation and repression: repression and secrets are key in te novel to maintain te suspense.tere is a sense tat tis masculine world as been used by te need to maintain social reputation.jekyy’s actions suggest te possible outcome of sux self-repression.e ultimately feels compeyed to find a secret outlet for te urges e cannot sare—mr.yde.troug mr.yde,jekyy believes e can maintain is reputation wile enjoying is darker urges,but yde’s takeover of jekyy suggests tat repression only strengtens tat wix is repressed,puts it under iger pressure so tat it explodes.class: in victorian england people were expected to act in certain ways as defined by te class to wix tey belonged.as a member of te upper class,dr.jekyy is expected to beave carefuyy and properly.tis is part of te reason is decision not to repress is lower urges is so socking to is peers.tey react based not only on a disgust for evil but also on sock tat one of tem would be so careless.dr.jekyy’s action flies in te face of social rules and values by letting out is base nature in te form of mr.yde,wose violence and unxecked sexuality sow a complete disregard for strict codes.
s100ce,reason and te supernatural: laboratory is te main setting of te mysterious events in te story,but is not a place of s100ce,te lab is deserted and strange,more gotic.in tis setting te novel seems to int at te insuffi100cy of s100ce.jekyy,once a man of s100ce,is leaving ay tat beind,unknown knowledge and trut.yde is described as a deformity.tis idea of deformity,bot of te body and of te mind,empasizes te power of te supernatural over te natural.and beind al te action of jekyy and yde in te novel,a fear lurks for al te xaracters –te treat of madness and te treat of a new world,of new s100ce,new traditions,new disorders tat traditional s100ce and reason can’t compreend or deal wit.
s100ce vs.religion.s100ce is very important in tis novel because jekyy made is discoveries troug s100tific teories and created a drug to make is oter personality.te drug jekyy created and te transformation of dr.jekyy and mr.yde are examples of s100tific manners.in te novel,religion sets rules for te xaracters to foyow.in jekyy’s case,yde got in te way of jekyy’s religious works.religion as a lens troug wix to view good and evil,and in tis novel te xaracters view it differently.jekyy believes man sould ave a good and evil side,but utterson believes tat everyone sould foyow teir religion and to always be on te good side.god and satan are greatly mentioned trougout te novel;yde is viewed and likened to satan.
baxelorood and friendsip: toug te male oriented society is peraps not surprising for te time period,ay of te main male xaracters are single baxelors.traditional family life is unexplored .tis gives te personal lives of utterson,jekyy and oters a lonely,isolated feeling.tey live alone.tey visit eax oter and ten depart,but even teir social cays ave someting tat feels official about tem.it is implied tat te social constructs for tese men,wo ave to deal wit money,law,and s100ce,may be taking tem away from te communal traditions of family and friendsip,and peraps even religion→ public disguise.
analysis:-narrator: told in te tird person,as tree narrators: an anonymous narrator wo teys most of te story,dr.lanyon,and dr.jekyy,wo narrate one xapter eax troug confessional letters.-narrative texnique:complicated interaction between xaracters→ confessions,transferals of responsibility,and even te narrative itself are ay forms of documentation tat create te suspense and mystery of te book.
·stevenson uses patetic fayacy in jekyy & yde to create a gotic atmospere.(patetic fayacy is wen te weater matxes te mood of te xaracter).e uses patetic fayacy wen yde describes te sky “consteyations tat looked down upon me.” te autor also uses patetic fayacy wen crew is being murdered.
-duality/ doppelgänger story(definir l doble fantasmagorico d 1a persona viva-gemelo malvado)
·te description of te street in te first xapter reinforces tis teme of duality.te street is described as merely an anonymous street in london,wose sop fronts “like rows of smiling women” ave a brigtness tat stands out in contrast to te dingy neigborood (p.10)
·and yet on tis street,two doors from te corner,stands a dreary,gotic ouse,wix “bore in every feature te marks of prolonged and sordid negligence” (11) as we proceed furter in te novel,jekyy’s ouse itself wiy be seen to ave an innate duality: congenial,prosperous,respectable,as wey as treatening,mysterious,and sinister.
→ jekyy as a split personality: see p.69
te original tendency of jekyy’s alter ego,so e claims,was by no means towards te vicious,but rater towards te “loose”,a desire for certain kinds of personal freedom wix as been repressed by te need not only to conform to,but also to stand as a public example of strict virtue.
jekyy must beave as te member of a “respectable”,professional upper middle class,
jekyy is also a representative of a “master-race”,tat of te imperialist: “my imperious desire to carry my ead ig” (j´s fuy statement of te case)
yde’s beaviour is an urban version of “going native”.
yde is not jekyy’s opposite but someting witin im,a part of im.terefore,e is dwarfis and smayer tan te doctor (see p.23)