Key Brain Regions and Their Functions in Cognition and Emotion
Tractography and the Stroop Test
Tractography is a magnetic resonance technique in which:
e. Both “a” and “b” as “c” are correct.
In the famous Stroop test, a person must:
a. Name the color that is written with a word.
The Papez Circuit and Working Memory
The Papez circuit has the connections to:
e. That emotions modulate attention and memory.
Part of the reason for raising Baddeley’s theory of working memory (WM) was that there was much evidence that:
b. WM was not uniform.
The Cingulate Gyrus and Attention
The cingulate gyrus is a frontal lobe structure whose function is related to:
a. Attention.
The Brown-Peterson Task and Interference
Contrary to what their authors thought, the count back in the Brown-Peterson task is:
b. Strong interference.
Specific Language Disorders and the Phonological Loop
There is evidence that specific language disorders (SLI) are caused by a dysfunction of what Baddeley called the “articulatory loop” (or phonological loop). This evidence is:
d. That areas of the parietal lobes that correspond to what Baddeley called the “visuospatial sketchpad” are not involved in SLI.
The Digit Span Test and Intelligence
The digit span test, used in some intelligence tests, is:
e. All of the above alternatives are correct.
Complex Emotions and the Cerebral Cortex
Complex emotions, such as guilt or shame, require the intervention of the cerebral cortex (e.g., orbitofrontal cortex). This may be considered evidence in favor of:
c. Damasio’s theory.
The Amygdala and the Hippocampus
The amygdala is a subcortical structure that is:
e. Directly rostral to the hippocampus.
Syntax and Broca’s Area
Syntax is a skill that depends on processes performed by Broca’s area. This ability is:
e. Grammar.
Aversive Conditioning
To learn aversive conditioning requires the participation of:
e. All of the above alternatives are correct.
Language Lateralization
Language is lateralized in the left hemisphere in approximately ___ of right-handed people:
e. 97%.
The Frontal Lobes and Inhibition
The main function of the frontal lobes is:
b. Inhibition of activity in other areas.
Moral Emotions and Social Context
Moral emotions are those in which:
c. Cognitively feeling them requires assessing the social context in which they occur.
Wernicke’s Area
Wernicke’s area is:
d. An auditory area located in the posterior temporal lobe.
Connections Between Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas
Catani described connections between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas in the parietal lobe that are:
a. Medial to the arcuate fasciculus.
Perseveration
Perseveration is a frontal sign that is:
a. “Getting stuck” in directions that no longer correspond.
Broca’s Area Location
Broca’s area is located in the ___ lobe:
d. Frontal.
The Go/No-Go Task and Response Inhibition
In the frontal “go/no-go” task, the ability to ___ is assessed:
a. Inhibit automatic responses.
Proactive Interference
Calling the current girlfriend by the name of the former girlfriend is:
e. Proactive interference.
The Episodic Buffer
Baddeley proposed adding an “episodic buffer” to his original theory. The main reason for adding this system is:
a. There is evidence of interference in working memory.
Semantic Encoding in Memory
When the last list in the Brown-Peterson task is of a different semantic field, there is practically no proactive interference. This is evidence of:
a. That the contents of memory are encoded semantically.
The Amygdala and Basic Emotions
The amygdala is critical for the processing of:
a. Basic emotions like anger and fear.
The Central Executive and Inhibitory Mechanisms
According to Baddeley, the mechanisms that allow the central executive to control the subordinate systems are:
a. Inhibitory mechanisms.
Short-Term Memory vs. Working Memory
The concept of short-term memory emphasizes ___, while working memory emphasizes ___:
c. Coding, processing.
Theory of Mind
The best-known tests of theory of mind, reviewed by Adolphs, evaluate children’s ability to:
a. Understand that other people can have emotions.
Working Memory Evocation Curve
The typical curve of evocation from working memory has the form of:
c. A U.
Short-Term Memory Capacity
According to studies by Miller, which have subsequently been widely supported, short-term memory has a capacity of:
c. Between 5 and 9.
Working Memory and Intelligence
The task of working memory span used by Engle is strongly correlated with:
a. Performance on intelligence tests.
Conduction Aphasia
Conduction aphasia is when:
c. The person cannot repeat what is told, but they can produce and understand language.
The Arcuate Fasciculus
The arcuate fasciculus properly connects:
b. Wernicke’s area with Broca’s area.
Broca’s Area and the Motor Cortex
Some authors think that Broca’s area was originally part of:
a. The motor cortex.
The Hippocampus and the Mammillary Body
In the Papez circuit, the hippocampus is connected with the mammillary body through:
e. The fornix.
Reading and the Angular Gyrus
When you read a word, visual information must pass directly from the angular gyrus in the occipital cortex to:
b. Wernicke’s area.
Loss of Information from Working Memory
The loss of information from working memory occurs mainly by:
e. Interference.