Key Concepts: Agents of Socialization, Physiological Responses, and More

Posted on Apr 4, 2025 in Psychology and Sociology

Agents of Socialization

  • Family
  • School
  • Religion
  • Public Institutions
  • Media

Physiological Responses to Emotions

  • Stronger Heartbeat (Heart Rate Acceleration)
  • Faster Breathing
  • Muscle Tension

Characteristics of Psychological Tests

  • Reliability
  • Validity
  • Internal Consistency
  • Stability

Mental Disorders

  • Neurosis: Phobia, Hypochondria, Hysteria
  • Psychosis: Schizophrenia, Paranoia, Autism

Factors Involved in Care

  • Single Subject Factors: Physical condition, diet, rest
  • Stimulating Factors:
    • Intensity of the stimulus
    • Mode of stimulus: Auditory, visual, cutaneous
    • Location of stimuli and their spatial proximity

Factors Influencing Perception

  • Learning
  • Past Experiences
  • Cognitive Schemata
  • Subjective Aspects: Motivation, interests, etc.
  • Social Aspects: Language, culture, gender, etc.

Elements of the Scientific Method

  • Observation
  • Formulation of a Hypothesis
  • Deduction of Consequences

Characteristics of Creative Thinking

  • Propose New Solutions to Problems, Opportunities Arise From
  • Use of Imagination and Fantasy
  • Sensitivity to Problems

Alterations of Memory

  • Amnesic Syndrome: Retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia
  • Functional Amnesia
  • Dementia

Changes Characteristic of Puberty

  • Physical Changes:
    • Accelerated growth in weight and height
    • Development of characteristics

Nervous and Endocrine Systems

Living beings receive information and develop responses. The nervous system is composed of nerve tissue and produces rapid, short-lasting responses. The endocrine system is built of endocrine glands and produces slow but long-lasting responses.

Elements Involved in Coordination

Recipient – nerve center – effector.

The nervous system consists of neurons and glia cells. Neurons receive and transmit information via nerve impulses. Glia cells are interspersed between neurons and protect, isolate, or feed them. The nervous system analyzes external and internal stimuli and makes necessary responses for the body’s functioning.

Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

The central nervous system (CNS) controls the body and its activities. The peripheral nervous system transmits impulses from receptors to the CNS and from the CNS to effectors. The CNS is formed by the brain and spinal cord, protected by the skull and spine. The brain consists of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves leaving the brain and spinal cord, branching and distributing throughout the body.

The endocrine system consists of endocrine glands that secrete substances directly into the blood.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

  • Basic Needs – 1
  • Security Needs – 2
  • Affiliation Needs – 3
  • Love Needs – 4
  • Self-Actualization – 5

Gestalt Psychology Laws

  • Law of Similarity
  • Law of Proximity
  • Law of Good Form
  • Law of Closure
  • Law of Continuity
  • Law of Contrast
  • Law of Figure-Ground