Key Concepts in Physical Chemistry: Distribution, Tension, and More
Question 1: Nernst Distribution Law
Nernst Distribution Law describes the distribution of a solute between two immiscible liquids. It states that the ratio of the concentrations of the solute in the two liquids is constant at a given temperature. Limitations include non-ideal behavior, and modifications include the distribution coefficient.
Question 2: Surface Tension
Surface tension is a measure of the energy at the surface of a liquid. Classification includes:
- Liquid-liquid
- Liquid-gas
- Liquid-solid
Methods for determination include:
- Capillary rise
- Pendant drop
- Wilhelmy plate
Question 3: Analysis of Complexes
Methods for analysis of complexes include:
- pH titration
- Spectrophotometry
- Chromatography
pH titration involves measuring the pH of a solution as a function of the amount of titrant added.
Question 4: Solubility of Gases in Liquids
Factors affecting the solubility of gases in liquids include:
- Temperature
- Pressure
- Nature of the gas and liquid
- Presence of other solutes
Question 5: Raoult’s Law and Deviations
Raoult’s Law states that the vapor pressure of a solution is proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent. Deviations from Raoult’s Law can occur due to non-ideal behavior.
Question 6: Polymorphism
Polymorphism refers to the ability of a substance to exist in multiple crystalline forms.
Question 7: Dissociation Constants
Dissociation constants describe the equilibrium between a molecule and its ions in solution. Applications include:
- pH calculation
- Buffer solution preparation
- Drug design
Question 8: Crystal Analysis
Methods for crystal analysis include:
- X-ray diffraction
- Infrared spectroscopy
- Microscopy
Question 9: Diffusion Principles
Diffusion is the process by which particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Question 10: Isotherms
Isotherms describe the relationship between the amount of adsorbate and the pressure of the adsorbate at a constant temperature.
Question 11: Spreading Coefficient
The spreading coefficient is a measure of the ability of a liquid to spread on a solid surface.
Question 12: HLB
HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance) is a measure of the degree to which a surfactant is hydrophilic or lipophilic.
Question 13: Surface Active Agents
Surface active agents are molecules that reduce the surface tension of a liquid.
Question 14: Gas Laws
Gas laws describe the behavior of gases, including:
- Boyle’s Law
- Charles’ Law
- Avogadro’s Law
Question 15: Factors Affecting Solubility
Factors affecting solubility include:
- Temperature
- Pressure
- Nature of the solute and solvent
- Presence of other solutes
Question 16: Capillary Rise Method
The capillary rise method is a technique for measuring surface tension.
Question 17: Buffered Isotonic Solution
A buffered isotonic solution is a solution that has the same osmotic pressure as blood and is resistant to changes in pH.
Question 18: States of Matter
The three states of matter are:
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas
Question 19: Phase Rule
The phase rule describes the relationship between the number of phases present in a system and the number of components.
Question 20: pH Determination
Methods for determining pH include:
- pH meter
- pH paper
- Titration
Question 21: Surface Tension and Interfacial Tension
Surface tension is a measure of the energy at the surface of a liquid, while interfacial tension is a measure of the energy at the interface between two liquids.
Question 22: Protein Drug Binding
Protein drug binding refers to the interaction between a protein and a drug molecule.
Question 23: Determination of Surface Tension
Methods for determining surface tension include:
- Capillary rise
- Pendant drop
- Wilhelmy plate
Question 24: Fick’s Law of Diffusion
Fick’s Law of Diffusion describes the rate of diffusion of a substance across a membrane.
Question 25: Critical Solution Temperature
The critical solution temperature is the temperature above which a solution becomes homogeneous.