Key English Terms and Tenses
English Language Notes
Vocabulary
Communication Terms
- Post (publicar)
- Share (compartir)
- Text messaging (mensajería)
- Chat (chatear)
- Get the message across (comunicar)
- Social media sites (redes sociales)
- Latest news (últimas noticias)
- Face to face (cara a cara)
- Keep in touch (mantener en contacto)
- Comment (comentar)
- Interrupt (interrumpir)
- Inform (informar)
- Express your feelings (expresar tus sentimientos)
- View (ver)
- Upload (subir)
- Talk it over (hablar sobre ello)
- Get to the point (ir al grano)
- Manage (conseguir)
- Challenge (reto)
- Worldwide (mundial)
- Spread (extender)
- Notice (fijarse en)
- Developed (desarrollar)
- Communication (comunicación)
- Improvement (mejora)
- Loneliness (soledad)
- Personality (personalidad)
- Punctuation (puntuación)
- Painless (relajado)
- Useless (inútil)
- Thrilling (emocionante)
- Keep in touch (seguir en contacto)
- In this day and age (hoy en día)
Education Terms
- Attending (asistir)
- Curriculum (currículum)
- Subjects (asignaturas)
- Pressure (presión)
- Discipline (disciplina)
- Assignments (tareas)
- Compulsory (obligatorio)
- Stressed (estresado)
- Shy (tímido)
- Achieve (lograr)
- Strict (estricto)
- Secure (seguro)
- Pay attention (prestar atención)
- Encourage (animar)
- Support (apoyo)
- Sense of belonging (sentido de pertenencia)
- Disrupt (interrumpir)
- Revise (revisar)
- Step (paso)
- Struggle (esfuerzo)
- Accepted (admitir)
- Allowed (permitir)
- Encouraged (animar)
- Dropped out / Left without (dejar)
- Put off / Do at a later time (aplazar)
- Catch on / Understand (entender)
- Go over / Revise (repasar)
- Get on with / Continue doing (continuar)
- Make up for / Compensate for (compensar)
Grammar Points
Relative Pronouns
- Who (people)
- Which / That (cosas)
- Whose (cuyo)
- Where (lugares)
- When (tiempo)
Defining Relative Clauses
Example: Julia is the woman who / that works in the office.
Non-Defining Relative Clauses
Example: Last week I visited my aunt, who is 90 years old.
Verb Tenses
Present Simple (hago)
Structure: Verb(s) / don’t / doesn’t / do / does
Usage: Habitual actions
Time expressions: always, never, usually, often, hardly ever, etc.
Present Continuous (estoy haciendo)
Structure: am / is / are + verb-ing
Usage: Actions happening at the moment
Time expressions: at the moment, right now, look, listen, etc.
Past Simple (hice)
Structure: -ed / 2nd column / didn’t / did
Usage: Completed past actions
Time expressions: last…, …ago, yesterday, etc.
Past Continuous (estaba haciendo)
Structure: was / were + verb-ing
Present Perfect Simple (he hecho)
Structure: have / has + past participle (p.p.)
Usage: Unfinished past actions (connecting past to present)
Time expressions: just, ever, never, already, yet, how long, for, since, recently, this month, so far, etc.
Present Perfect Continuous (he estado haciendo)
Structure: have / has + been + verb-ing
Usage: Duration of time (actions starting in the past and continuing to the present)
Past Perfect Simple (había hecho)
Structure: had + past participle (p.p.)
Usage: Past action before another past action
Example: When I arrived home, my parents had left.
Future with “Be Going To”
Structure: am / is / are + going to + infinitive
Negative: am not / isn’t / aren’t + going to + infinitive
Usage: Plans and intentions, or predictions based on what we see.
Future Simple with “Will”
Structure: will + infinitive
Negative: won’t + infinitive
Usage: Predictions without evidence, spontaneous decisions, promises, requests, uncertain futures, certain future situations.