Key Events in Spanish History: Restoration to Civil War
Key Events in Spanish History (Restoration to Civil War)
Caciquismo
A distorted local government system where a cacique (leader) dominates rural society through political clientelism.
Grid
Prior negotiation between the two main political parties to elect a candidate with the best chances and support from influential figures.
Turnismo (Time Matches)
Agreement between Liberals and Conservatives to alternate power, ensuring predictable election outcomes.
Internal Constitution
The foundation of the Canovist system, based on the monarchy and the courts, representing the essence of Spanish sovereignty.
Sandhurst Manifesto
A political manifesto signed by Prince Alfonso (later King Alfonso XII) in 1874, expressing his willingness to become king and support a monarchy.
Treaty of Paris (1898)
Signed on December 10, 1898, after the Spanish-American War. Spain ceded Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the United States for $20 million, marking the end of the Spanish Empire.
Pact of El Pardo
Agreement made on November 24, 1885, between Cánovas and Sagasta, leaders of the Conservative and Liberal parties, to support the regency of Maria Cristina and ensure the monarchy’s continuity after Alfonso XII’s death.
Direct Action
Anarchist movement using terrorist acts to achieve working-class emancipation.
Bases de Manresa
Foundations for the Catalan regional constitution, outlining a project for Catalan autonomy.
Revolution from Above
Reforms implemented by governing politicians to change Spain’s social and economic policies.
Regenerationism
Nationalist ideology emerging in 1898 due to dissatisfaction with Spain’s social, cultural, and economic development. It aimed for moral governance, state reform, wealth promotion, public education, and moving past historical issues.
Tragic Week
Armed clashes in Barcelona in July 1909, protesting the call-up of reservists for the war in Morocco.
Law of Jurisdictions
Spanish law (1906-1931) placing offenses against the country, flag, and army under military jurisdiction, prompted by the Cut-Cut incident.
Ley de Fugas (Act of Leaks)
Extrajudicial killing of detainees, simulating an escape attempt.
Unión Patriótica
Party created by dictator Primo de Rivera in 1924, inspired by Italian Fascism.
Parliamentarians’ Assembly
Democratically elected assembly during Primo de Rivera’s dictatorship, composed mainly of the agrarian oligarchy.
Picasso Report
Report implicating the government, military, and King Alfonso XIII in the Annual Disaster (Battle of Annual).
Pact of San Sebastián (1930)
Agreement between Republican parties, anarchists, intellectuals, and some military figures to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic.
Casas Viejas Incident
Anarchist uprising in Casas Viejas in January 1933, brutally suppressed by government forces.
Sanjurjada
Failed monarchist coup led by General Sanjurjo in Seville on August 10, 1932.
Straperlo
Political scandal during the Second Republic involving a roulette scheme, implicating politicians and businessmen.
Asturian Revolution
Insurrection in Asturias in October 1934, led by left-wing forces aiming to abolish the republican system and establish a socialist regime.
CEDA (Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights)
Right-wing political organization defending the Catholic Church and social conservatism, led by José María Gil-Robles.
Popular Front
Alliance of left-wing parties that won the February 1936 elections, leading to the adoption of autonomy statutes for the Basque Country and Galicia.