Leadership Theories: Evolution and Key Concepts
Key Leadership Theories Through Time
Throughout history, various theories have attempted to explain what makes an effective leader. These theories have evolved, each building upon previous concepts.
Great Man Theory
This early approach was based on the belief that leaders are exceptional people, born with innate qualities destined to lead. Researchers focused on prominent figures in world history, suggesting that emulating their personalities and behaviors could lead to effective leadership.
Trait Theory
This theory focuses on identifying specific traits or qualities associated with leadership. Numerous lists of traits have been compiled, encompassing virtually every positive human attribute, from ambition to zest for life.
Behavioral Theories
These theories shift the focus from a leader’s inherent traits to their actions. The emphasis is on studying the behavior patterns of effective leaders and how they differ from those of less effective ones. Behavioral theories often highlight the importance of providing employees with the necessary conditions and incentives, or modeling appropriate behaviors to reinforce desired actions.
Situational Theories
This approach acknowledges the importance of contextual factors in leadership. Researchers turned their attention to studying the specific situations in which leadership is exercised. For example, military leadership may require different skills, qualities, and behaviors than leadership in industry or religious settings.
Contingency Theory
This is a refinement of the situational perspective. It focuses on identifying the situational variables that best predict the most appropriate or effective leadership style for a particular circumstance. It recognizes that leadership is not one-dimensional but contains elements of all previously discussed forms. Effective leadership is contingent upon factors such as behavior, personality, influence, and status.
Transactional Theory
This approach emphasizes the relationship between leaders and followers, focusing on the mutual benefits derived from a kind of “contract.” The leader provides rewards and recognition in exchange for the loyalty and performance of their team. It highlights the mutual influence between leaders and collaborators, and emphasizes how both develop their roles over time.
Transformational Theory
This is the latest phase in the evolution of leadership theories. Its significant improvement lies in its focus on the intrinsic motivation of the team, rather than the extrinsic motivation provided by the leader. Leadership is not solely vested in the leader, but in all those who share a mission and vision. In this sense, leadership is a state of consciousness. Transformational leadership is based on a collective ethical commitment and occurs when people challenge each other to reach higher levels of motivation and coexistence.