Liberalism: A Deep Dive into Its Evolution and Impact
Introduction to Liberalism
Liberalism stands as a prominent school of thought, significantly contributing to the post-Cold War era. Its influence peaked during the inter-war and post-Cold War periods. Originating from “Las Cortes de Cadiz,” the term carries multiple meanings, including generosity. Three main branches of liberalism exist: political, economic, and international relations (IR) liberalism.
Core Principles of Liberalism
At the heart of liberal theory lies the paramount importance of individual rights—a cornerstone of modern life. Key figures like John Locke, Montesquieu, and John Stuart Mill shaped this ideology. The division of power is fundamental, with legislative power residing in the people through representation in liberal democracies. Private property is another key tenet. Most liberals advocate for a free-market economic system.
Applying these principles domestically is simpler than in international relations. These ideas, designed to protect individual rights, translate internationally into advocating for democracies, international trade, and international institutions.
Liberalism in International Relations
IR liberal theory addresses several key issues:
- Primacy of Society: The state originates from society, not the other way around. A clear separation (civil society) should exist between the state and society, allowing for independent activity. The state serves society, not vice-versa.
- Representation: States must represent the interests of their societies.
- State Preferences: State behavior is guided by its preferences, which extend beyond mere survival.
Liberalism and International Trade
Liberal thought emphasizes the peaceful nature of commercially active societies, fostering interdependence between states. This aligns with the Doux Commerce thesis. However, scholars like Albert Hirschmann countered this, arguing that the pursuit of commercial power can create tensions and friction between states.
The Democratic Peace Theory (DPT)
Liberals subscribe to the Democratic Peace Theory (DPT), which posits that wars often serve the interests of leaders, not the people. Empowering the people can prevent wars. Liberal regimes foster a culture that rejects aggression. Democracies adhere to legal procedures, inhibiting impulsive actions and promoting accountability among leaders.
Two versions of DPT exist:
- Democracies are inherently more peaceful than autocracies.
- Democracies are more peaceful when interacting with other democracies.
War between democracies is less likely due to shared social values and established procedures.