Liberalism in Spain: Origins, Principles, and Conflicts
Liberalism in Spain
Liberalism emerged from intellectuals and the bourgeoisie, inspired by the French Revolution’s ideals of freedom. They advocated for political participation, national sovereignty, and a constitution to ensure the separation of powers. The Spanish War of Independence provided an opportunity to dismantle the old regime and establish a liberal system. Their goals included eliminating the old regime’s characteristics and building a society based on liberal principles.
In politics, the constitution became the foundation of public life. They rejected absolute monarchy in favor of a constitutional monarchy. They sought to abolish the privileges of the nobility and clergy, as well as the feudal system. They proclaimed citizens’ rights, national sovereignty, the division of powers, and universal male suffrage. They envisioned a unified Spanish nation with equal political rights and national sovereignty. Liberalism supported a centralized, unitary state.
Economically, they championed private property rights, opposed communal assets, and advocated for free trade, industry, labor contracts, and common taxation. While not rejecting religion, they aimed to limit the Church’s economic power, leading to anticlerical sentiments. The most significant achievement of the Cortes of Cadiz was drafting a constitution that established the basic principles of a liberal regime. The Cortes also attempted social and economic reforms, including press freedom and the abolition of the Inquisition. They also promoted free trade and eliminated internal customs barriers to facilitate the movement of goods.
The Struggle for Liberalism
The legislative work of Cadiz had limited practical impact. The Cortes did not fully represent Spanish society, and the nobility and clergy retained significant social and political influence. Ferdinand VII, upon regaining the throne in 1814, restored absolutism. The 1812 Constitution became a symbol for Spanish liberals. Ferdinand VII’s return was contingent on breaking his alliance with the United Kingdom. Following Napoleon’s defeat, the Holy Alliance was formed to restore and defend absolutism. Ferdinand faced consistent liberal opposition throughout his reign.
Upon his return to Spain, Ferdinand VII enjoyed popular support and the hope of rehabilitation. The 1812 Constitution failed to resonate with the population, which largely remained supportive of absolutism. The king, wielding absolute authority, dissolved the Cortes, suspended the constitution, and initiated an era of political repression. The economic situation worsened, and reform attempts failed. The nobility and clergy ceased paying taxes after regaining their privileges, and the American colonies’ struggle for independence led to significant military expenditures. The royal army, transitioning into a national army, favored pronouncements. In 1820, Commander Rafael del Riego and Colonel Antonio Quiroga proclaimed the 1812 Constitution. Ferdinand VII was forced to swear allegiance to the constitution and convene the Cortes. Some of the liberal legislation from Cadiz was reinstated. The Militia was established as a civic-military force to maintain order and defend the constitutional regime.
This attempt at a liberal Spain ultimately failed. It was supported by a minority of liberal military personnel and the urban bourgeoisie, with limited popular support. Divisions emerged between moderates and progressives.