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Explain the creation and the objectives of the congress of Vienna.
After Napoleon’s defeat and exile to the island of Saint Helen, the victorious countries met at the Congress of Vienna.
At the meeting, the following objectives were proposed:
• Restore absolutism under a new name: legitimism: The kings were the only ones with legitimacy to govern.
• Create an alliance, called the Holly Alliance, between the absolutist monarchs to protect them from any attempted revolutions.
• To restore the boundaries on the map of Europe, which had changed dramatically during the Napoleonic Era.
What is the nationalism? Explain the factors that causes the nationalism.
Is a group of inhabitants who shared a common language, ethnicity, customs or mentality.
Nationalists demanded the creation of new nations and their right to possess a territory or system of self government; In other worlds to become a state.
Causes of nationalism:
• Both Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna had organised the map of Europe based on the interests of monarchs and emperors without taking the inhabitants view into account, As a result, many people felt that their derritories. were being occupied by others, at this lead to nationalism.
• The Romantic culture of the 19th century highlighted the Sense of belonging to a people as an important human sentiment. People became more intrested in myths and legends about their origins.
• The economy and industrialisation of the 19th century meant that more unified countries enjoyed greater economic growth. Nationalism was therefore no longer a revolutionary movement, but a conservative one.
Indicate the two types of nationalism that we can find.
• Unifying nationalism.
• Dividing nationalism.
Explain the agricultural and the demographic revolution.
Agricultural revolution: In this revolution, a few new methods were applied: Some of them are; Fallow land, continuous crop rotation, New Crops that helped to revitalise the soil and could be used as fooder for livestock were introduced, Manure produced by livestock was used as a natural fertiliser, Iron tools become More widespread and more plough horses were used, From the end of the 18th century, agricultural productivity increased thanks to irrigation, chemical fertilisers and mechanisation.
Demographic revolution: The European population grew significantly, increasing from 110 million to 450 million inhabitants. This large increase was due to improvements in nutrition and reduced death rates, particularly the infant mortality rate. During this period, the life expectancy increased from 30 years to 60 years. This revolution had two main effects who are:
• It contibuted to the industrial development period.
• Redistribution of the European population.
What was the Second Industrial Revolution? Did it take place in all countries of the world simultaneously?
Throughout the 19th century, technological advances gradually led to new methods of industrial manufacture. Towards the end of the century, the steam engine era ended, and the second Industrial Revolution began.
No, it did not take place in all countries of the world simultaneously, it started to be used in almost all of Europe and beyond. New pioneering counties included Germany, the United States and Japan.
Describe the differences between upper class and middle class.
•Upper class. This class consisted of the old Regue nobility, who had lost their privilges but kept their large areas of land, and the wealthy middle class. The wealthy middle class included bankers, industrialists and merchants, etc…
• Middle class: this class grow as the economy developed. Technical and scientific advances led to the growth of liberal professions amongst the middle class: teachers, lawyers, economists, etc…
What is the boxer rebellion?
This rebellion was the result of Chinese opposition to the policies imposed by foreign powers in China. The aim was to expel the colonists.
Define cartel:
cartel is an association of manufacturers or supplies with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition.
Explain the suffragism and feminism.
At the end of the 19th century there continued to be great inequality between Men and women. Althought men had achieved the right to vote thanks to the sucessive liberal revolutions of 1820, 1830 and 1848, women had not.
Because of these injustices, women especially in Great Britain, began to form groups calling for gender equality. Because their main demand at the time was the right to suffrage or vote.
Until the First was world war, the suffragists achieved very little. Only few Nordics states recognised women’s right to vote. At the end of an war called Great War, other nations began to recognise women’s right to vote.
Explain the Causes and consequences of the Imperialism.
• Causes of imperialism:
– Industrial development requiered new raw materials that were sometimes found in territories very far away from Europe.
– Internse population growth in Europe led to move overseas emigration.
– Ideological and cultural factors also played a role. Europe wanted to civilise the rest of the world, in some cases with a feeling of racial superiority.
• Consequences of Imperialism:
-The way in which derritories. were divided, especially in Africa, was based on the Interests of the occupying powers and not on local factors.
– Colonial expansion consolidated inequalities in the global production of goods.
– Colonisation securely altered the social structure of the indigenous populations.
What was the bismarckion system of alliances? Name the countries that get involved in the different ones.
• First system: known the league of the Three Emperors, this was on alliance between the Astro-Hungarian, German and Russian empires.
• Second System: Bismarck made a bilateral agreement with Austria (Dual Alliance). Holy later joined the agreement, forming the triple Alliance. Bismarck also revived the league of the Three Emperors.
• Third system: The German chanceller reinforced the Triple Alliance and signed the Reinsurance Treaty with the Russian tsar. This treaty guaranteed Russian neutrality in the event of an attack by France. Bismarck also signed the Mediterranean Agreements with Great Britain, Italy, Austria and Spain.