Literary Forms and Chemical Mixtures
Popular Literature XI-XII
Popular Lite XI-XII, literature anonymous oral created for people. Narrative (verse) tells or writes about events, and reports. Lyrical is varied, full of love.
Cultured Literature XIII
Cultured Lite XIII, Writing Narrative. Noble prose offers advice and instructs readers. Lyrical themes include love and social criticism.
Popular Lyrical Forms
Liri popu: brief, anonymous compositions with metric irregularities. Minor art, assonance rhyme, simple style, greater intensity, lyrical richness and variety. MOZARABE Lyrical: Christians living in Muslim territory created compositions called jarchas and moaxajas, with love as a central theme. Liri CASTELLANA: popular oral compositions, carols are the main form, including dawn songs, May songs, and work songs. Liri Galai-PORTU: ballads are poems with popular themes of friendship, love, and ridicule.
Epic and Narrative Forms
Epi cstellana: celebrates the deeds of medieval heroes, performed orally by minstrels with instrumental music. Cantar d gest: anonymous, oral verse, with the purpose of teaching and narrating historical events, using 14 or 16 syllable lines with assonance. Cantar mio cid: the most extensive, anonymous work, with three parts: the exile, the weddings, and the affront. It conveys historical values, uses 14 syllable lines, and has a troubadour character, with simple stylistic elements. ROMANCERO: octosyllabic verses, short, descriptive, and sober, with few repetitions. They are historical and novelistic. Mester de Clerecia: aims to educate and transmit religious themes, using 14 syllable lines (alejandrinos) with assonance.
Jorge Manrique
Manriq Jorge: couplets with broken foot, 2 sextillas, 8a8b8c8a8b8c.
Separation Techniques
Filtration: separates solid particles from liquids. Flotation: separates solids in water based on density. Decantation: separates immiscible liquids based on density. Magnetic Separation: separates iron from other substances. Sedimentation: separates solids dissolved in liquids. Distillation: separates liquids based on boiling points. Crystallization: obtains a solid from a liquid based on solubility.
Elements and Compounds
ELEMENT: cannot be decomposed into simpler substances; it is pure (e.g., hydrogen, oxygen, helium). COMPOUND: pure substance formed by atoms of different elements in fixed proportions (e.g., H2O, HCL, CO2).
Mixtures
Mixture: union of two or more distinct substances. Heterogeneous: different substances are distinguishable (e.g., with the naked eye). Homogeneous: different parts are not distinguishable (e.g., salt water, gasoline). Solution: homogeneous mixture of two or more substances (e.g., air). Pure Substance: a single substance (e.g., oxygen). If a substance has only one type of atom, it is an element; if it has different types, it is a compound.
Concentration
Concentration is the quantity of solute in a solution.
1) % mass = (mass solute (g) / mass solution (g)) x 100
2) % volume = (volume solute (ml) / volume solution (ml)) x 100
3) Concentration = mass in grams (g) / dissolving volume in liters (L)
Solubility
Solubility: the quantity of solute in grams that dissolves in 100g of water. For solids, it usually increases with temperature. For gases, it decreases with temperature. Solvent: the component in greater quantity (e.g., water). Solute: the component in minority. Dilute solutions: low proportion of solute. Saturated solutions: maximum amount of solute at a given temperature. Filtration: separates a solid from a liquid.