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REPORTED SPECH: Modal verbs: will – would, can – could, must – had to Time expresions: now – at the moment, today – that day, tonight – that night, this (morning, week) – that (morning, week), yesterday – the day before, last (week, month, year) – the (week, month, a year) before, (two days/ a year) ago – (two days/ a year) earlier, tomorrow – the next following day, next (week) – the following (week). Place: this – that, these – those, here – there. Questions: Where are you going: Mum asked where I was going – Are you famous?, he asked her: He asked her if she was famous – Do you like horror films?, she asked: She asked if I liked horror films. Commands: Form affirmative commands → to + infinitive Negative commands → not + to + infinitive Affirmative commands Direct Speech → Dad: “Do your homework.” – Reported Speech → Dad told me to do my homework. Negative commands Direct Speech → Teacher: “Don’t talk to your friend.” – Reported Speech → The teacher told me not to talk to my friend. Say & told: say (+that) + reported speech & tell + indirect object + that + reported and tell + object + to + infinitive. REPORTING VERBS: Verb + object + to + V.infinitive: reminded – warned – invited – ordered- advised – permitted – persuaded Verb + to + V.infinitive: promised – refused – agreed – offered – decided – proposed Verb +Ving: Admitted – Suggested – Denied – Recommended Verb + preposition + Ving: Apologised for – Inisted on – Complained about – Warned about Verb + object + preposition + Ving: Suspected – Accused sb of – Advised sb against – Congratuled sb on Verb + that + subj + Verb reported: Explained – Said – Complained – Insisted – Demanded Verb + Object + that + subj + Verb reported: Persiaded – Reminded – Warned – Informed CONNECTORS: Contrast: TOT I QUE:(Although, even though)+subj+verb (despite, in spite of)+ noun or -ing NO OBSTANT: S1… (Nevertheless/however)…S2 Mentre que Purpose: PER TAL DE: (to, so as to, in order to) +Vinf (So that)+Subj+Verb Addition: TAMBÉ (too, as well). A MÉS A MÉS (.Besides, .Moreover, .Furthermore, .In addition, .Also, Result: A CAUSA DE: (because of, due to) + noun (for this reason, that’s why)+subj+verb PER TAL DE: (so as to) + Vinf PERQUÈ: (since, because) + subj + noun. SO/SUCH: tan SO + Adj/Adv + … that SUCH + a/an + adj + noun … that ACTIVE: Velázquez painted Las Meninas PASSIVE: Las Meninas was painted by Velázquez Present: grow/ is grown Present Continuous: is taking/ is being taken Present Perfect: have taken/have been taken Past Simple: took/ was-were taken Past continuous: was taking/was being taken Past Perfect: had taken/has been taken Will: will be takenGoing to: is/are going to be taken Modal: must/must be taken Passive with two objects: Tim gave Lisa some flowers. Some flowers were given to Lisa by Tim / Lisa was given some flowers by Tim. Impersonal: It + (be) + past simple + that – He is said that he is a strict disciplinarian. Infinitive: Verbs amb el mateix temps verbal (TO + Vinf) Verbs amb diferent temps (TO + HAVE + Vp.p) CAUSATIVE (HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE): Have + noum + P.Participle Ex. The mechanic changed the oil in my car. I had the oil in my car changed. Present Simple: I have my repaired Past Simple: I had Present Continuous: I’m having Past Continuous: was having Present Perfect: have had Past Perfect: had had Will: will have Future Continuous: will be having Future Perfect: Will have, Must: Must have, be going to: ‘m going to have CONDITIONALS: 0. General truths and general habits If + present simple, present simple If you add two and two, you get four. 1st. Possible or likely things in the future If + present simple,… will + infinitive/ will + infinitive…if + present simple If it rains later, we’ll stay at home. As long as, providing that, unless, even if. 2nd Impossible things in the present / unlikely things in the future If + past simple, would + infinitive/ would + infinitive… if + past simple If I won the lottery, I would sail round the world 3rd Things that didn’t happen in the past and their imaginary results If + past perfect, would + have + past participle/ would have+past participle…if+past perfect If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam Modals: 1st : possibility: may/might permission: can obligation: must suggestion: should 2nd : possibility: could permission: could suggestion: should 3rd: ability: could have possibility: might have Wishes and reagrets: Per expressar el pasat: wish + past perfect – I wish I hadn’t voted for him. Per expressar el present: wish + could – I wish I could stand for election. Per expressar una queixa durant el present: wish + would – I wish he would stop making that noise. MODAL VERBS: Ability: can- could – be able to – managed to Possibility: May – might – could Advice: should – ought to – had better Obligation: must – have to – need to necessity: need to Prohibition: mustn’t – can’t Lack of obligation: don’t have to – needn’t Permission: can – be allowed to MODAL PERFECT: Advice:should – ought to + have + Vp.p Possibility: May – might – could + have + Vp.p Certanty: must – can’t + have + Vp.p Ability: can: could/couldn’t be able to: was/were able to Obligation: must – have to: had to Lack of necessity: don’t need to: didn’t need to / needn’t: neednt’ + have + Vp.p / don’t have to: didn’t have to INFINITIVE OR -ING: Verb + to infinitve: afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, can’t wait, choose, dare, decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail, forget, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, see, threaten, wait, want, wish, would like, would prefer. Verb + ing: admit, advise, avoid, can’t bear, can’t help, can’t imagine, can’t stand, complete, consider, discuss, dislike, enjoy, finish, give up, go, hate, imagine, keep on, like, love, mention, mind, miss, practise, recommend, regret, report, resist, risk, stop, suggest. – ing or to + infinitive: begin, start, intend, continue.