Lower Limb Muscle Anatomy, Joints, and Neuroglia Details
Lower Limb Muscle Anatomy
| Name | Origin | Insertion | Action | Innervation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fibularis Longus (Peroneus Longus) | Proximal lateral fibula, lateral condyle of tibia | Base of first metatarsal, medial cuneiform | Eversion and plantarflexion of foot | Superficial fibular nerve |
| Fibularis Brevis (Peroneus Brevis) | Distal lateral fibula | Base of fifth metatarsal | Eversion and plantarflexion of foot | Superficial fibular nerve |
| Tibialis Anterior | Lateral condyle and proximal tibia, interosseous membrane | Medial cuneiform, base of first metatarsal | Dorsiflexion and inversion of foot | Deep fibular nerve |
| Extensor Digitorum Longus | Lateral condyle of tibia, anterior fibula, interosseous membrane | Dorsal surface of middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-5 | Extends digits 2-5, dorsiflexion of foot | Deep fibular nerve |
| Extensor Hallucis Longus | Anterior fibula, interosseous membrane | Distal phalanx of hallux (big toe) | Extends hallux, dorsiflexion of foot | Deep fibular nerve |
| Fibularis Tertius (Peroneus Tertius) | Distal anterior fibula, interosseous membrane | Base of fifth metatarsal (dorsal surface) | Dorsiflexion and eversion of foot | Deep fibular nerve |
| Biceps Femoris (Long Head) | Ischial tuberosity | Head of fibula | Flexes knee, extends and laterally rotates hip | Tibial division of sciatic nerve |
| Biceps Femoris (Short Head) | Linea aspera of femur | Head of fibula (shares tendon with long head) | Flexes and laterally rotates knee | Common fibular division of sciatic nerve |
| Semitendinosus | Ischial tuberosity | Proximal medial tibia (Pes anserinus) | Flexes knee, extends hip, medially rotates tibia on femur | Tibial division of sciatic nerve |
| Semimembranosus | Ischial tuberosity | Proximal medial tibia (posterior aspect of medial condyle) | Flexes knee, extends hip, medially rotates tibia on femur | Tibial division of sciatic nerve |
| Gracilis | Inferior pubic ramus | Proximal medial tibia (Pes anserinus) | Adducts hip, flexes and medially rotates knee | Obturator nerve |
| Pectineus | Pectineal line of pubis | Pectineal line of femur | Adducts and flexes hip | Femoral nerve (sometimes also obturator nerve) |
| Adductor Longus | Body of pubis | Linea aspera of femur | Adducts and flexes hip | Obturator nerve |
| Adductor Brevis | Inferior pubic ramus | Linea aspera of femur | Adducts and flexes hip | Obturator nerve |
| Adductor Magnus | Inferior pubic ramus, ischial tuberosity | Linea aspera, adductor tubercle of femur | Adducts hip; assists in flexion (adductor part) and extension (hamstring part) | Obturator nerve (adductor part), Tibial nerve (hamstring part) |
| Sartorius | Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) | Proximal medial tibia (Pes anserinus) | Flexes, abducts, laterally rotates hip; flexes knee | Femoral nerve |
| Rectus Femoris | Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) | Tibial tuberosity (via patellar ligament) | Extends knee, flexes hip | Femoral nerve |
| Vastus Lateralis | Greater trochanter, linea aspera (lateral lip) | Tibial tuberosity (via patellar ligament) | Extends knee | Femoral nerve |
| Vastus Medialis | Intertrochanteric line, linea aspera (medial lip) | Tibial tuberosity (via patellar ligament) | Extends knee | Femoral nerve |
| Vastus Intermedius | Anterior and lateral surfaces of proximal femur shaft | Tibial tuberosity (via patellar ligament) | Extends knee | Femoral nerve |
| Piriformis | Anterior surface of sacrum | Greater trochanter of femur | Laterally rotates extended hip; abducts flexed hip | Nerve to piriformis (S1, S2) |
| Superior Gemellus | Ischial spine | Greater trochanter of femur | Laterally rotates extended hip; abducts flexed hip | Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1) |
| Obturator Internus | Medial surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bone | Greater trochanter of femur | Laterally rotates extended hip; abducts flexed hip | Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1) |
| Inferior Gemellus | Ischial tuberosity | Greater trochanter of femur | Laterally rotates extended hip; abducts flexed hip | Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1) |
| Quadratus Femoris | Ischial tuberosity | Intertrochanteric crest of femur (quadrate tubercle) | Laterally rotates hip | Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1) |
| Gluteus Maximus | Ilium (posterior gluteal line), sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament | Gluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibial tract (IT band) | Extends and laterally rotates hip | Inferior gluteal nerve |
| Gluteus Medius | External surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines | Greater trochanter of femur | Abducts and medially rotates hip | Superior gluteal nerve |
| Gluteus Minimus | External surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines | Greater trochanter of femur | Abducts and medially rotates hip | Superior gluteal nerve |
| Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL) | Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), iliac crest | Iliotibial tract (IT band) | Flexes, abducts, and medially rotates hip; stabilizes knee | Superior gluteal nerve |
| Psoas Major | Transverse processes, bodies, and intervertebral discs of T12-L5 vertebrae | Lesser trochanter of femur | Flexes hip; flexes trunk on hip | Lumbar plexus branches (L1-L3) |
| Psoas Minor | Bodies of T12-L1 vertebrae | Iliopubic eminence | Weakly flexes trunk | Lumbar plexus branches (L1) |
| Iliacus | Iliac fossa | Lesser trochanter of femur | Flexes hip | Femoral nerve (L2, L3) |
| Iliopsoas | Combination of Psoas Major and Iliacus | Lesser trochanter of femur | Strongest flexor of the hip | Femoral nerve, Lumbar plexus branches |
