Machine Tool Shaping: Components and Operation
Shaping in Machine Tools
Shaping, using a knife or cutting tool and alternative rectilinear movement, begins when the workpiece is set on the machine table.
Parties
Caucus
The body of the machine houses the cutting mechanisms and facilitates progress. It includes horizontal and vertical guides for the movement of the neck and head.
Vertical Slide
Slides along the horizontal guides, enabling alternative rectilinear movement.
Carriage Tilt
Rests on the front of the head and can rotate horizontally. On its forehead are vertical guides where the tool slide is located, consisting of:
- Vertical Shopping: Slides through the guides and vertical tilt of the carriage, regulating the depth in passing.
- Fork: United by a bolt to the trolley, it can be rotated vertically to machine inclined surfaces.
- Swing: A plate that oscillates on an axis. During the working stroke, it rests on the bottom of the fork, holding the tool in a vertical position. During the return stroke, it stands up due to inertia.
- Turret: Where the tool is fixed with a screw.
Vertical Slide
Glides along vertical guidebooks and horizontal guides on the bench, moving the table.
Table
The workpieces are mounted on it. It slides horizontally along vertical guides, either manually or automatically.
Cutting Movement
A rotary motion is transformed into a rectilinear one. The mechanism uses a sliding pendulum rod located inside the bed.
- Variation of the stroke length of the head: To increase or decrease the radius, the stroke is varied in the ear of the external wheel levers.
- Variation of the head position: Varies with a lever (K) on the head. Loosening it allows for the desired position to be achieved with the steering wheel, followed by pressing.
Forward Movement
This mechanism involves a crank wheel with adjustable eccentricity (K). To adjust the forward movement, the rod moves a ratchet mechanism attached to the axis of the table. The table moves forward as the nail digs into the pinion but does not move backward.
Power Movement
This provides the depth of the pass and is obtained by tilting the spindle carriage.
Fastening of the Clamps
Used to hold parallel-sided pieces of small and medium sizes. The accuracy of the work depends on the parallelism between the seating surface of the pieces on the jaw.
- Fixed
- Swivel: Can rotate around a vertical axis to any position on the plane. The rotation angle is controlled by a base divided into 360 degrees.
Orientation
- Graduated Limb: Used to rotate the jaws of the clamp to the desired angle.
- The Scriber: Held in the turret tool holder. By moving the head or the table, the touch of the tip along the piece is checked.
- Squad: Held in the jaw or mouth, it is based on the fixed jaw and checks the perpendicularity with the vertical guides of the bench.
- Comparator: Similar to the scriber.
Fixation of the Pieces in the Jaws
If the pieces are taller than the jaws, they are attached to the upper seat to support them. When they are lower, supplements are used.
Flanged Pieces on the Table Rules
- Flanges must bind on the sides of the piece to rest on the table, block, or supplements.
- The screws should be closer to the piece.
- The road must have a height slightly larger (1 or 2 mm) than the piece.
Securing Tools
Robust tools can be fastened directly into the turret. Smaller tools (8, 10, or 12 mm) must be placed on a tool holder, always as short as possible to reduce bending stress.
Placement Tool
- Horizontal Surfaces: The support and the tool must be positioned vertically.
- Vertical Surfaces: The tool and support lean against the surface to be worked on, preventing the blade from rubbing against the vertical face during reversal.
- Inclined Surfaces: The carriage is tilted to the same angle as the surface to be machined, with the tool and support leaning against this surface.