Macronutrients and Micronutrients: Functions and Sources

Posted on Nov 19, 2024 in Biology

Lipids: Macromolecules of Carbon and Hydrogen

Lipids, including animal fats and vegetable oils, are characterized by a relative lack of oxygen. Main types include:

Triglycerides

Primary components of fats, formed by glycerol and three fatty acids.

Classification of Triglycerides

  • Saturated Fatty Acids: Found in animal sources, linked to cardiovascular issues.
  • Unsaturated Fatty Acids: Plant-based, divided into:
    • Monounsaturated: Single double bond (e.g., oleic acid in olive oil).
    • Polyunsaturated: Multiple double or triple bonds (e.g., omega fatty acids in fish oils).
  • Trans Fatty Acids: Found in processed foods, used in margarine and baked goods.

Phospholipids

Complex lipids containing phosphoric acid and nitrogen, essential for cell integrity.

Sterols

Cholesterol, derived from fat metabolism, found in animal tissues.

Proteins: Macromolecules of Amino Acids

Proteins, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, can be animal or plant-based.

  • Animal Proteins: Complete, containing all essential amino acids.
  • Plant Proteins: Incomplete, may lack some essential amino acids.

Protein Functions

  • Plastic (building)
  • Regulatory (enzymes)
  • Transportation
  • Energy source (in calorie deficiency)

Vitamins: Essential for Metabolic Reactions

Organic substances crucial for metabolic processes.

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Not stored, eliminated through urine (e.g., Vitamin C, B complex).

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Stored in liver and adipose tissue, can be toxic in excess (e.g., Vitamins A, D, E, K).

Minerals: Structural and Regulatory Roles

Minerals play vital roles in fluid balance, nerve transmission, and bone structure.

Fiber: Promotes Water Retention and Digestion

Fiber aids digestion, promotes fullness, and regulates bowel movements.

Water: Essential for Life

Water regulates temperature, transports nutrients, and facilitates metabolic reactions.

Optimal Nutritional Status

Achieved through balanced diet, physical activity, and adequate water intake.

Balanced Diet

Based on the food pyramid, including daily intake of cereals, dairy, pasta, vegetables, and oils. Weekly consumption of fruits, fish, meat, and nuts. Occasional intake of saturated fats and simple sugars.

Dietetics: Application of Nutrition Principles

Dietetics applies nutrition science to human health and disease. Basal diets meet balanced nutrition requirements based on individual needs.