Magnetism, Electricity, and Atomic Structure: Key Concepts
What is Magnetism and How is it Characterized?
This phenomenon manifests itself in certain substances (iron, cobalt, and nickel) and is characterized by the appearance of attractive or repulsive forces on other bodies.
What is the Magnetic Field and How is it Measured?
Physical properties generated in a region of space by a magnet or electric current, which exerts a force on charged or magnetized bodies located nearby, are measured in the International System as Teslas.
What are 4 Characteristics of Magnetic Force Lines?
- They are always closed; they do not break the surface of the magnet.
- They leave the north pole of the magnet and enter the south pole.
- Lines do not intersect at any point in space.
- The number of lines per unit area is proportional to the magnetic field strength.
Compare the Properties of Magnetic and Electric Force Lines
- Magnetic field lines are always closed; on the other hand, electric field lines can be open or closed.
- Magnetic field lines leave the north pole of the magnet and enter the south pole; however, electric field lines leave positive charges and enter negative charges.
What are Ferromagnetic Materials and What are They Used For?
These are materials, such as iron, that have a spontaneous magnetization in the absence of external magnetic fields. They are used for the design and establishment of cores of transformers and electrical machines.
Brief Review Relating Electricity to Magnetism
It is closely related; they are really two different issues arising from electric charges. Electric currents can be generated from magnetic fields, and natural magnetism is produced by small electric currents. The first step connected electricity and magnetism, called electromagnetism.
How do Rays Originate?
Before a thunderstorm can form inside an anvil, rays are generated.
It is a separation of electrical charges generated by the convection of electrification. It becomes positively charged when ice crystals form, and the inside is negative.
Refer to Terrestrial Magnetism
The Earth’s magnetic field structure is such that the field lines leave the South Pole and circle the Earth along the meridians to enter through the North Pole.
How are Migratory Birds Guided by the Earth’s Magnetic Field?
The two are closely linked because terrestrial magnetism allows birds to be oriented due to its intensity and direction.
Atom
What Makes up the Atom?
It consists of electrons, which are distributed throughout the nucleus, protons, and neutrons within the nucleus.
Briefly Describe Rutherford’s Experiment on the Atomic Nucleus
The distribution of negative particles magnetized in a positive way towards the atoms were electrically soft and easy to go through a rapid and massive projectile.
It was found that He+ particles. Because the positive electric charge confined core is so small, the energy of the projectiles was insufficient to overcome the Colombian repulsion between Hertz and positive charges of the nucleus.
Develop the Bohr Model as the Radius of the Electron Orbit
The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom assumes an electron in a circumferential path around the proton.
It states that force (radial) = mass x acceleration (radial), where the force is the Colombian between the two charges. / Formula
What is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle?
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that the uncertainty Δx in determining the x coordinate of a particle and the uncertainty Δp in the determination of its momentum (mass times velocity) is limited by the inequality. / Formula
What are Isotopes?
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons, i.e., different atomic mass numbers.
What is Radioactivity?
Radioactivity is one of the mechanisms whereby certain isotopes undergo a transition to a lower energy state by spontaneous emission of particles into the atmosphere.
Regarding Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay
Alpha: It is the joint flight of two protons and two neutrons in the form of an alpha particle from a nucleus.
Beta: When a neutron is in the free state, it does not live long but after about 10 minutes, it is transmuted into other particles: proton-electron-neutrino.
Gamma: It is the emission of photons (light) of very high energy and occurs when an excited nucleus undergoes a transition to a lower energy state without changing its constitution.
Equation of Energy According to Einstein’s Mass Relation
E = mc2
Why is C-14 Used to Determine the Exact Date of Death?
By eating, we eat C-12 and C-14 to a lesser extent. When we die, we stop eating, and from that moment, the presence of C-14 in our lifeless body is reduced by half after 5730 years by investigating the relative presence of C-14 in the remains.
Nuclear Fusion
It is the process that couples two light nuclei (fusion of isotopes).
Nuclear Fission
It is the process of releasing energy at the ends of large nuclei.
What Situation Occurs in a “Chain Reaction”?
When there are more nuclei of uranium-235, the replication process occurs again.