Maison Carrée: Exploring the Roman Temple in Nîmes
Maison Carrée: A Roman Temple in Nîmes
Introduction
The Maison Carrée stands as a testament to Roman architectural prowess in the heart of Nîmes, France. Built in 16 BC, this remarkably preserved temple offers a glimpse into the world of the Roman Empire, specifically the Augustan period.
Technical and Formal Analysis
The Maison Carrée exemplifies the Roman adaptation of Greek architectural principles. Constructed using the arquitrabe system, the temple features a strong emphasis on straight lines. Built from white limestone (now weathered to a reddish hue), the structure measures 14 meters wide by 28 meters long.
Key Features
- Podium: Unlike Greek temples, the Maison Carrée rests on a high podium of Etruscan influence, accessed by a frontal staircase.
- Columns: The temple features Corinthian columns, attached to the cell walls rather than standing independently as in Greek temples. These columns support the entablature, consisting of an architrave, frieze, and cornice, topped by a pediment.
- Decoration: The Maison Carrée’s decoration is restrained, primarily featuring floral motifs.
- Interior: The temple’s interior consists of a single, undivided cella, accessible via stairs leading up to the podium.
- Hexastyle and Pseudoperipteral Design: The Maison Carrée is a hexastyle (six-columned portico) and pseudoperipteral temple. This means that while the portico columns have a structural function, the remaining columns are primarily decorative.
Iconographical Analysis
Built during the Augustan period, the Maison Carrée reflects the Roman Empire’s focus on public works as a means of promoting Romanization. Dedicated to the Numen of Rome and Gaius and Lucius Caesar (grandsons of Augustus), the temple served to honor the imperial family.
Iconographic Elements
- Minimal Sculpture and Relief: The temple is notable for its lack of prominent sculptures and reliefs.
- Floral Decoration: Floral motifs are the primary decorative element.
- Influence of Greek and Etruscan Art: The Maison Carrée showcases both Greek and Etruscan influences, blending these styles to create a distinctly Roman aesthetic.
Conclusion
The Maison Carrée stands as a remarkable example of Roman architecture, blending Greek and Etruscan influences while showcasing the grandeur and pragmatism of the Roman Empire. Its well-preserved state allows us to appreciate the architectural and artistic achievements of the Augustan period.