Major Theories of the State and Political Power
Political power is defined as the ability of a person or group to impose its will on others, especially when the imposed behavior is contrary to the wishes or inclinations of those being influenced. This power translates into a relationship where one element is controlled, influenced, or determined by another. Power permeates all aspects of our lives; it is exercised within the family, in education, and across the social fabric. As there are many areas of power, there are also varying degrees of intensity and different ways it can manifest. For instance, relationships based on manipulation, extortion, and violence are different from those based on legitimate authority. Therefore, it is wrong to confuse the concept of power solely with negative aspects. Power also has a positive, productive dimension, without which social life would be impossible.
The power that is most relevant to organizing or modifying social functions is political power—that which occurs in the organization of the polis, community, or society at large. Political power affects the administration, control, and distribution of the common good. Currently, this function is performed by the state, which is considered the political power of those involved in its regulation. Thus, political power is the ability to participate in state decisions, something that not only politicians but also ordinary citizens can do.
The State
Historically, ‘state’ could be synonymous with organizational policies responsible for leading the community life of others. Today, the concept of the state is much more restrictive; it is a type of organization with a relatively recent appearance. Machiavelli first used the term in the field of political philosophy. The state is understood as a form of political organization characterized by permanent and unchallengeable power within a particular territory. Despite being exerted from various institutions, this power is unique and exclusive. Moreover, it is sovereign and is responsible for maintaining stability and order.
According to Max Weber, the state has a monopoly on force and physical violence within its territory. However, this monopoly is not always absolute, and defining the state solely by its monopoly on violence is debatable. Groups or individuals often use force without representing or having the state’s authorization.
It is important to note that the state is not the same as a nation or a government.
Key Traits of the State:
- Territorial Power: The state’s power extends to the entirety of its defined borders. Any person or organization acting within its territory is subject to its rules.
- Sovereignty: There is no higher authority to which the state must submit. It is the supreme authority within its territory.
- Responsibility for Maintaining Order: The state has the obligation to protect its members from internal and external threats. Internally, it must ensure the observance of law to avoid conflicts and ensure stability and social peace. Externally, it must protect its citizens from foreign incursions through international relations and military force.