Manifesto of the Democratic Board (1974)
Introduction
The “Manifesto of the Democratic Board”, dated July 29, 1974, emerged a year before General Franco’s death. Authored by various political forces opposing the Franco regime, it reflects a unified vision for Spain’s future after four decades of authoritarian rule. The Democratic Junta of Spain, an opposition agency, was formed in Paris on the same date, led by the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) under Santiago Carrillo. It comprised the PCE, Workers’ Party of Spain (PTE), Carlist Party, Workers’ Commissions (CCOO), Popular Socialist Party (PSP) with Enrique Tierno Galván, and figures like Rafael Calvo Serer, Antonio García-Trevijano Forte, and José Vidal-Beneyto. Published in Mundo Obrero on July 31, 1974, this primary source targeted Spanish society with twelve key points outlining a path towards political change.
Key Proposals
The manifesto’s core objective was to restore national sovereignty to the Spanish people. Its twelve points addressed several crucial aspects:
- Political Rights and Sovereignty: Returning sovereignty to Spanish society, signifying a break from the Francoist system.
- Amnesty for Political Prisoners: Releasing those imprisoned for political dissent.
- Pluralistic Political Framework: Legalizing all political parties, fostering a multi-party system.
- Workers’ Rights: Granting freedom of association for workers.
- Freedom of the Press: Ensuring an independent and free press.
- Independent Judiciary: Establishing a separate and independent judicial system.
- Regional Diversity: Recognizing Spain’s regional diversity and autonomy.
In essence, the manifesto advocated a democratic rupture, replacing Franco’s structures with democratic principles.
Political Developments
On June 11, 1975, the Democratic Convergence Platform, led by the Spanish Socialist Party (PSOE), was created. Despite prior discussions between the Board, PCE, PSOE, and Izquierda Democrática (led by Ruiz-Giménez) for a unified opposition, the Platform initially included PSOE, Democratic Left, Christian Democrats, Communist Movement, Revolutionary Organization of Workers (ORT), and Spanish Social Union. The Carlist Party joined later, while ORT left. The Coordinating Committee of Political Forces in Catalonia maintained relations with both the Board and the Platform. The Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) remained independent. In March 1976, the Board and Platform merged to form Democratic Coordination (Platajunta).
Franco’s Decline and Death
The assassination of Carrero Blanco by ETA on December 20, 1973, disrupted Franco’s plans for continuity. Despite reaffirming his position, Franco’s declining health led to Prince Juan Carlos temporarily assuming head of state duties in 1974. Franco’s brief recovery and resumption of power masked a disintegrating regime, emboldened opposition, and economic crisis. The Anti-Terrorism Act, extending the death penalty, led to executions and international boycotts. Franco’s final decline and death on November 20, 1975, marked the end of his dictatorship. His testament reiterated his ideals: Catholicism, patriotism, authoritarianism, and a rejection of democracy, underscoring the stark contrast between his vision and the proposals of the Democratic Board.