Master English: Vocabulary, Grammar, and Pronunciation
Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar
Phrasal Verbs
- Going out with: Salir con
- Fell for: Enamorarse
- Split up with: Separarse de
- Got on well: Seguir adelante bien
- Fell out with: Pelearse con
- Get over: Superar
- Brought up: Traer, crecer
- Grew up: Crecer
- Put up with: Aguantar
- Told off: Decir, fuera
- Look up to: Mirar hacia arriba
- Let down: Decepcionar
- Told off: Regañó
- Looked up: Miró hacia arriba
- Get on: Subió
- Falling out: Se cayó
- Got over: Superó
Relative Pronouns
- Who: People
- Which: Things
- That: People or things
- Whose: Possession (cuyos)
- When: Time
- Where: Place
Defining Relative Clauses
- They give essential information.
- We can omit the relative pronoun (if it’s not the subject).
- We can use ‘that’ to replace ‘which’ or ‘who’.
Examples:
- She’s the woman who cuts my hair.
- The laptop that I bought last week has started making a strange noise.
- He’s a musician whose albums have sold millions of copies.
Non-Defining Relative Clauses
- Give extra information.
- Between commas.
- We cannot omit the relative pronoun.
- We cannot use “that”.
Examples:
- My grandmother, who is 87, goes swimming every day.
- The house, which was built in 1883, has just been opened to the public.
- The award was given to Sara, whose short story impressed the judges.
Negative Prefixes
- UN: unsociable, unadventurous, unselfish, unreliable.
- IN: Intolerant, insincere, indecisive, insensitive.
- IM: impatient, impolite, impractical, immature.
Opposite Adjectives
- Mean / Generous
- Cheerful / Miserable
- Sensible / Silly or Foolish
- Lazy / Hard-working
- Selfish / Selfless
- Moody / Even-tempered
Shopping Vocabulary
- Foodstuff: Alimentos
- Own-brand: Marca propia
- Value brands: Marcas económicas
- Trolley: Carro
- Out-of-town: Afueras de la ciudad
- Receipt: Recibo
- Convenience: Conveniencia
- Checkout: Caja
- Corner: Esquina
- Range: Gama
- Till: Caja registradora
- Aisles: Pasillos
- Counter: Mostrador
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Simple
Form: have / has + past participle (3rd column)
Uses:
- Action that happened in the past and continues in the present.
- Action that begins at an unspecified time in the past and is relevant in the present.
Keywords: since, for, already, even, never, just, recently
Examples:
- He has had it since June.
- I haven’t heard from her for months.
Present Perfect Continuous
Form: have / has + been + verb + ing
Uses:
- Action that started in the past and has continued, uninterrupted, to the present.
Keywords: For days, for hours
Example:
- It has been raining all day.
Paraphrasing and Recording
- Staring into space: Mirando al espacio
- Get rid of: Deshacerse de
- Out an end to: Hasta el final de
- Know for certain: Saber con certeza
- For days on end: Durante días y días
- Put myself through: Hacerme pasar
- Taken delivery: Recibir
- Is all that’s needed: Es todo lo que se necesita
- My heart sinks: Mi corazón se hunde
Adjectives and Shops
Adjectives: Pedestrian, lively, pleasant, run-down, shabby, dull, quaint, bustling, clumsy, even-tempered, fair, foolish, mature, moody, reliable, sensible, sensitive, stubborn.
Shops: Butcher’s, Chemist’s, Grocer’s, Newsagent’s
