Mastering English Grammar: Passive Voice, Conditionals, and More
Mastering English Grammar
Passive Voice
Passive Voice:
- Buy – is bought by
- Are buying – is being bought
- Bought – was bought
- Were buying – was being bought
- Have bought – has been bought
- Had bought – had been bought
- Will buy – will be bought
- Will have bought – will have been bought
- Are going to buy – is going to be bought
- Can buy – can be bought
- Has to buy – has to be bought
- Should have bought – should have been bought
Conditionals
Conditionals:
- Type 0: Present, Present
- Type 1: Present + will + infinitive
- Type 2 (Imaginary): If past simple + would, might, could + infinitive
- Type 3: If past perfect (had lived) + would, could + past participle
Wishes
Wishes:
- (Unhappy about) wish/if only + past simple = He wishes he took part in the experiment.
- (Express regret about past actions) Wish/if only + past perfect simple = I wish NASA hadn’t cancelled the mission.
- (Express a desire for something to happen in the future – impossible) Wish/if only + could/would + infinitive = I wish I could walk on the moon.
Have / Get
Have / Get:
- The mechanic changed the oil in my car = I had the oil in my car changed by the mechanic.
- My jacket is being cleaned at a specialist cleaner = I’m having my jacket cleaned by a specialist.
Reported Speech
Reported Speech:
- Yes/no questions = Have you turned on the alarm? Frank asked. Frank asked if/whether I had turned on the alarm.
- Tell, order, ask, begin, warn: Be careful with your bag, Amy said. Amy warned me to be careful with my bag.
Reported Suggestions
Reported Suggestions: Suggest, recommend, advise, invite.
- That + subject + verb = Charge your password from time to time, Carol recommended. Carol recommended that I change my password.
- No subject = -ing: Let’s buy a camera for his birthday, he suggested. He suggested buying a camera for his birthday.
Modal Verbs
Modal Verbs:
- I’m sure it was Ana I saw in town as I recognized her coat – It must have been Ana I saw in town as I recognized her coat.
- I told him he should go and speak to his mother – I told him he ought to speak to his mother.
Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal Verbs:
- From happening
- Wait for
- Apply for a job
- Run away from home
- Give up smoking
- Get on with your sister
- Break up with your friend
- Put on weight
- Figure out a solution
- Come down with a cold
- Succeed in math
- Argue with a friend
- Drop out of school
- Speak up at a meeting
- Based on a novel
- Get around by bus
Other Grammar Points
Other Grammar Points:
- Places as; such as.
- 2.500 – 2,500
- … – etc, and so on.
- Despite of; in spite of.
- Didn’t; quitalo.
- () – quitalo.
- __, – Quita coma.
- Despite tal tal; despite the fact that.
- However, Due to; due to the fact that.
- ,BUT – ,SO.
Verb Tenses
Verb Tenses:
- Present Perfect Simple: have/has + 3rd column – Her English has improved since she joined EF classes. (te ha afectado en el pasado algo q sucede ahora)
- Past Perfect Simple: (empieza y acaba en el pasado) Had + 3rd column. I had studied in India last year.
- Present Perfect Continuous: Have/has + been + ing. (They have been talking for 3 hours – ellos estuvieron hablando 3h).
- Past Perfect Continuous: Had + been + ing. (I had been studying for 2 years when I went to London – había estado estudiando durante 2 años ingles cuando fuí a Londres).
- Future: Will / Future be going to