Mastering English Tenses and Clauses for Effective Communication
Present Simple (Egunerokoa ordutegia adierazteko)
Afirmative: I/you work, she/it works
Negative: I/you don’t work, he/she doesn’t work
Interrogative: Do you work? Does she work?
Present Continuous (Now, at the moment, this year)
Afirmative: You are singing, she is singing
Negative: You aren’t singing
Past Simple (Complete action in the past) (last year, two days ago…)
Afirmative: I, you, she finished; I went to Paris last year
Negative: I, you, she didn’t finish
Interrogative: Did you finish?
Past Continuous: They were skiing when their parents arrived at the resort. (Incomplete action in progress at a specific time in the past)
Afirmative: I, she, it was writing; you, we were writing
Negative: She, I wasn’t writing
Interrogative: Was I writing?
Past Perfect Simple: By the time he arrived, the train had already left
Afirmative: I, you, he, we had arrived
Negative: I, she, we hadn’t arrived
Interrogative: Had I arrived?
Present Perfect Simple: (Iragana hasi eta oraindik jarraitzen dute) I have lived in York for two years (Never, ever, yet, for, since…)
Afirmative: I, you, we have lived; she has lived
Negative: You, we haven’t lived; she hasn’t lived
Interrogative: Have I lived?
Gerund: I like playing rugby
Infinitive: He woke up early to go fishing
Future Simple: Prediction, finkatutako ordutegia hitz egin (The TV program will start at 5 o’clock)
Afirmative: I, she, we will recycle
Negative: I, she, we won’t recycle
Be Going To: Mike is going to buy a hybrid car next year (Plan en un future)
Afirmative: We, you are going to buy; she is going to buy
Negative: You, we aren’t going to buy
Interrogative: Are you going to buy?
Future Continuous: Lo que está pasando en un future (At this time tomorrow, Jack will be arriving in London)
Afirmative: I, she, we will be traveling
Negative: I, she, we won’t be traveling
Interrogative: Will you be traveling?
Future Perfect Simple: I will have eaten by 3 o’clock (Etorkizunean une zehatz batean ekintza amaituta egongo dela adierazteko)
Afirmative: I, she, we will have eaten
Negative: She won’t have eaten
Interrogative: Will she have eaten?
Defining Relative Clauses: (who, which, where, whose, when) This is the man whose laptop I bought
Non-Defining Relative Clauses: (My brother, who is an engineer, designs robots)
First Conditional: (if + present simple)
If you give me a hand, I will be really grateful.
If you don’t finish your homework, you can’t go out.
If you don’t make a daily backup copy, you will lose all the information.
Second Conditional: (if + past simple) / would + base form
If they had enough money, they would buy this laptop.
If I were you, I’d buy a new computer.
Third Conditional: (if + past perfect) / would have + past participle
If I had read her e-mail, I would have gone on the date.
Question Tags:
She isn’t here today, is she?
They live in Ankara, don’t they?
You’ll be OK, won’t you?
Quantifiers: A lot of, many (countable), much (uncountable)
There’s enough room.
I know very few people.
My niece isn’t old enough.
Reported Speech:
He works as an editor – she said that he worked as an editor.
He is working as an editor – she said that he was working as an editor.