Mastering Spanish Grammar: Sentences, Accentuation, and Syntax

Compound Sentences: Juxtaposed clauses are independent of each other. They lack a direct link. Example: Louis speaks; Peter does not listen.

Coordinated Clauses: These are independent clauses linked by a coordinating conjunction. Example: Pedro Luis speaks, but he does not listen.

Subordinate Clauses: One clause depends on the other, connected by a subordinator. Example: Although Luis talks, Peter does not listen.

Juxtaposed clauses can convey a sense of coordination or subordination.

Sense of Coordination: Come and see this.
Sense of Subordination: He has been wearing that which he likes to travel in.

Subordinate clauses can be classified by their connecting conjunctions:

Copulative: y (and), e (and), ni (nor).
Disjunctive: o (or), u (or).
Adversative: pero (but), mas (but), sin embargo (nevertheless), sino (if not).
Explicative: es decir (that is), o sea (that is).

Spanish Accentuation Rules

Understanding Spanish accentuation is crucial for correct pronunciation and writing.

Agudas (Sharp): The stressed syllable is the last. They are accentuated if they end in a vowel, n, or s.
Llanas (Flat): The stressed syllable is the penultimate. They are accentuated if they do not end in a vowel, n, or s.
Esdrújulas (Antepenultimate): The stressed syllable is the third from the end and is always accentuated.

Diphthongs: A tonic vowel (a, e, o) and an unstressed vowel (i, u) or vice versa. The word is accented according to general rules.
Triphthongs: A vowel (a, e, o) between two unstressed vowels (i, u).
Hiatuses:
- Two identical closed vowels: fri-i-si-mo.
- Two strong vowels (a, e, o): ca-er, he-ro-e.
- An unstressed vowel (a, e, o) and a tonic vowel (i, u) or vice versa: ba-úl, dí-a. This always carries an accent on the vowel, regardless of general rules.

Hiatuses prevent the formation of diphthongs.

Quien (Who): Refers to people and agrees in number with its antecedent. Example: My friends were those who called.
El Cual (Which): Possessive value. It is incorrect to use “your” instead of “which”.

Hypernyms: Terms with broad meanings that encompass more specific terms. Example: Flor (Flower) is a hypernym for clavel (carnation).
Hyponyms: Terms with restricted meanings that specify a broader term. Example: Clavel (Carnation) is a hyponym of flor (flower).

Understanding when to use “y” and “i” is essential for correct spelling.

The sound /i/ is written with the conjunction “y” (salt and pepper) also in the words where the vowel sound I took the final position and shape triphthong diphthong or the preceding vowel or vowels ) law, I am, Paraguay) except in bonsai, Saharan and went. If the plural of these words is formed – is – and is preserved, however when the prural is formed by adding-s-and becoming just the i, ejm law = law, pullover sweaters =
The sound /i/ is written with “y” in words that begin with the syllable “yer”, which contain the syllable “yec”, and those in which the sound /i/ continues to prefixes “ad-” and “sub-dis” (adjacent).
“Y” is used with verbal forms without “ll” or its infinitive, are sound and (flee, Dehua. oyerib hearing) and the words that belong to the same family of a word Y (plaster, gypsum — – striped, stripe)