Medical Instrumentation and Diagnostics: Questions and Answers

Posted on Dec 3, 2024 in Physical Education

Mid-Semester Test 1

Section A

Question 1: Needle Electrode Safety

Safety considerations for needle electrodes:

  • Use sterile, disposable needles to prevent infection.
  • Ensure proper grounding to prevent shocks.
  • Avoid needle reuse to prevent cross-contamination.
  • Handle with care to prevent injury.

Question 2: Biomedical Signals

A biomedical signal measures physiological activities, such as ECG, EEG, or EMG.

Question 3: Telemedicine and Instrumentation

Telemedicine uses devices like digital stethoscopes, portable ECG machines, and remote sensors to collect and transmit patient data.

Question 4: Transducer Classification

Active Transducers: Generate a signal without external power (e.g., thermocouples).

Passive Transducers: Require external power (e.g., strain gauges).

Question 5: Microelectrode Applications

Microelectrodes record electrical activity in individual cells or small tissues (e.g., neuroscience, cardiac research).

Section B

Question 6: Transducer Classification

(Same as Section A, Question 4)

Question 7: AI in Medical Instrumentation

AI automates data analysis, improves diagnostic accuracy, and enables predictive analytics. Examples:

  • AI-assisted imaging for tumor detection.
  • AI in wearables for health monitoring.

Mid-Semester Test 2

Section A

Question 1: Image Digitization

Image digitization converts analog images to digital format via:

  • Sampling: Dividing the image into pixels.
  • Quantization: Assigning intensity levels to pixels.
  • Storage: Saving in a digital format (e.g., JPEG, PNG).

Question 2: 2-D Fourier Transform

The 2-D Fourier transform converts spatial images into frequency representations for analysis, filtering, and compression.

Question 3: Automated Hematology

Automated analyzers count blood cells, measure hemoglobin, and detect abnormalities using image processing and AI.

Question 4: Sampling vs. Quantization

Sampling: Determines spatial resolution.

Quantization: Determines color/intensity resolution.

Both are crucial for digitization but address different aspects.

Question 5: Image Digitization Definition

Image digitization converts analog images into digital forms for processing, analysis, or storage.

Section B

Question 6: Automated Clinical Labs

Automated labs improve efficiency by reducing errors, speeding up results, and enabling high-throughput testing (e.g., robotics and AI).

Question 7: Computerized EMG

Computerized EMG provides detailed neuromuscular assessments but faces challenges like high costs and operator skill requirements.

EEG, ECG, and EMG Overview

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

Purpose: Records brain electrical activity.

Electrode Placement: 10-20 System on the scalp.

Signal Processing: Weak signals (microvolts) are amplified.

Brain Waves: Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma.

Clinical Uses: Seizures, sleep disorders, brain injuries.

ECG (Electrocardiogram)

Purpose: Monitors heart electrical activity.

Electrode Placement: Chest, arms, and legs.

Graph Components: P wave, QRS complex, T wave.

Clinical Uses: Arrhythmias, heart attacks.

EMG (Electromyography)

Purpose: Measures muscle electrical activity.

Electrode Placement: Surface or needle electrodes.

Types: Surface EMG (sEMG), Intramuscular EMG.

Applications: Neuromuscular disorders, rehabilitation, sports science.