Microprocessor Systems: Architecture and Components
Microprocessor System
A microprocessor system is the core of a computer. It is formed by a microprocessor: an integrated circuit that contains all the elements of the Central Processing Unit (CPU). Its functions are:
- Executes arithmetic instructions contained in the programs.
- Performs arithmetic and logical operations necessary for data processing.
- Centralizes control of the machine and exchanges data with main memory.
There are 4 different models of Microprocessors: Intelligence, ANP, and AIM.
Principal features of a microprocessor:
- Clock frequency
- Data volume
- Number of transistors
- Memory capacity
Main Memory
Main memory stores information necessary for the microprocessor. There are three types of main memory:
- ROM-BIOS: Saves the startup program.
- RAM: Saves data and instructions that the microprocessor uses.
- RAM-CMOS: Saves configuration data.
Input and Output Systems
Input and output systems are formed by peripherals and their connections to the communication bus. Peripherals facilitate information exchange and can be input, output, or bidirectional.
Basic Input Peripherals
Basic input peripherals enter data and include the keyboard and mouse.
Other Input Peripherals
- Multimedia and Game Peripherals: Microphones, joysticks, steering wheels, game controllers, and digital video cameras.
- Specific and Professional Peripherals: Barcode readers, tablets, and scanners.
Output Peripherals
- Monitor: Key features include screen size, pixels, number of colors, and image quality.
- Printer: Key features include resolution and printing speed.
Bidirectional Peripherals
Bidirectional peripherals input or output data interchangeably. Examples include:
- Modems
- Touch screens
- Multifunction printers
Computer Networks
Computer networks provide a system to transmit data between computers and share resources.
Types of computer networks:
- LAN (Local Area Network): Used for private networks, restricted to a small organization.
- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Covers a population or small segments of connected LANs.
- WAN (Wide Area Network): Connects cities, countries, or continents.
RAM
RAM (Random Access Memory) is used to temporarily store data that the microprocessor utilizes. RAM is located on the motherboard in memory slots called sockets.
Microprocessor Components
The microprocessor is covered by a ceramic casing that protects it. On the underside, there are hundreds of pins that connect it to other components of the computer.
How a Computer Works
Input peripherals send information to the computer, which is stored in memory, processed, and then sent to output peripherals.
Motherboard
The motherboard contains the main circuitry and connectors where the necessary devices for each computer are inserted.
Connectors
Connectors are used for RAM modules, drives, ports, and other devices.
Ports
Ports allow direct connection and communication with peripherals.
Byte
A byte is a unit of memory consisting of 8 bits.
Chipset
The chipset is a circuit that manages data traffic and the use of input and output devices to reduce the workload on the microprocessor.
Power Supply
- Provides energy to the computer.
- Provides energy to the input interface, controller, and output interface of an automated system.
USB
USB ports are 10 times faster than parallel ports and allow peripherals to be connected without needing separate power sources. They can also be connected with computers turned on or off.